• Silent Cal pushed for 2nd term - denies
• Herbet Hoover progressive republican. pretends to be like coolidge but v opposite
• Hoover advocated big gov't solutions
• Hoovers VP was Charles Curtis
• Al Smith - Catholic democrat, v hard for catholics to win.
• VP Joseph Taylor Robinson 

• October 1929 Stock market crashes mon 28 and tues 29
• 13% loss monday 12% loss tuesday
• unemployment peaks at 25% percent
• blaimed on free market & : overproduction, underconsumption, easy credit, and tariffs 

• Federal Reserve and monetary policy - fed fears inflation so they contract money 
• Gov't intervention tariff tax increase bailouts ect
• FDRs new deal
• Wagner Act (2nd new deal)

• Meeting with business leaders abt wages
• Stimulus spending govt work projects
• tax credits and later tax increase
• farm subsidies
• smoot-hawley - create highest tariff in us history

• "Save" failing banks 
• Loans generated instability - publication of business and banks receiving loans

• Too many farmers, farmers wanted products to have higher prices, higher tariffs so they could sell in US
• FFB made loans so farmers  could keep crops off market until prices rose
• $500 mill gone, only worked for a year 

• 1. -  cutting taxes across the board to stimulate the economy
• 2. - Beginning of presidency tax rate highest 25% hoover pushes for higher
• - Revenue Act of 1932 - top rate 63%

• Hoover Republican
• FDR Democrat (VP candidate 1920)
• Norman Thomas - Socalist party
• William Foster - Communism 

• Stuart Chase - Outsider creates term new deal, fabian part of Wilson admin
• Rexford Tugwell - radical planner, resettlement admin
• Adolf Berle - progressive, good neighbor policy towards latin america
• James Warburg - FDR <3 at first then changes, financial adviser 
• Hugh Johnson - progressive, credited for NRA
• F Palmer Weber - PhD in philosphy, concentration of ecnomic power
• Raymond Moley - FDR supported at first later conservative

• March 6 banks allowed to stay closed (banks already closed)
• Glass-Stealgoll 3/9 - banks keep 5% in reserve
• Federal Deposit insurance Corp 2500
• Branch banking reduces possibilty of large scale collapse but wasnt done

• 18-25 unmarried males work program
• wilderness camps/given things like cutting trees build parks plant ect $30 a month (most sent home to family)

• April 5th
• Abandon gold standard April 19

• $250 mill in direct relief to states
• plus $250 match if state spends
• Harry Hopkins - civil works admin 

Fed Government pay farmers to not grow food on land

$200 mil to cotton farmers to knock down cotton

Bought land to create dams

public electricity 

public works admin

new labor rights

national recovery admin

control industry with codes

keep prices high, reduce hours, high wages, remove comp

Hugh Johnson incharge

Believed free market caused depression

Revenue act 1935 - estate tax, gift tax, 79% tax on income over 5 mil

• FDR Democrat
• Alf Landon Republican hella boring
• Huey Long - Share our wealth party, every citizen $5000, dies and replaces by Charles Coughlin
• Francis Townsend - Socialist, $200 a month for citizens over 60

• WPA (Works Progress Program) exchange for FERA, those on welfare work govt jobs
• Social Security - taxes 1/2 you 1/2 employer

Minimum wage for womens protection

Supreme Court declares unconstitutional

2nd AAA consitutional

Commerce clause could regulate food you grow with own consumption

• He was a general in the Soviet army
• More intellectual than muscle
• Wanted to get rid of the NEP (It permitted for a little bit of capitalism in the communist system to “boost” the economy)

• Very brute, more muscle than intellect
• He was in and out of prison during his youth
• At one point he was in charge of the Secret Police (Cheka)
• Lenin himself never trusted Stalin; warned the Communist Party and the people of Stalin
• Joseph Stalin wins; becomes leader of the USSR
• In first political move, he exiles Leon Trotsky

• In this plan, every worker makes the same amount of money
• It industrialized the country
• It began collectivization of farms
• Kulaks were people who owned small businesses and farms
• Stalin needed to get rid of the NEP (even though he campaigned to keep it)
• He began to force collectivization upon these farms
• Killed the families of those who refused to collectivize (known as dukulakization)

• The Ukrainian people dejected Stalin and his plans
• They were nationalists, meaning that they believed only in protecting their own country; Stalin was an internationalist, meaning he believed in things such as Comintern
• Stalin orders the burning of all food items
• Millions of food items burned
• ½ of all horses were killed
• On Sept. 11, 1932, Stalin wrote that he was afraid he would lose Ukraine
• USSR devises a plan; they confiscated all of the grain from the people, later all of their food
• Since the government distributed equal amounts of food to everybody, the government could easily just not give food to the Ukrainians
• 7 million people died in the winter of 1932-1933
• Walter Duranty, reporter for The New York Times, covered up all of Stalin’s crimes
• People reading the NY Times obviously believed his lies that said Stalin was not starving anybody
• Won a Pulitzer Prize

• Socialist background, hated religion especially catholics, loves julius cesear - dreams of remaking the roman empire
• syndicalism - george sorel labor unions with socialism 
• mussolinni makes third way sorta like sydicalism called facism
• It used ideologies from the French Revolution
• French Revolution involved a campaign of widespread terror and violence
• Fascism was based on nationalism, not internationalism
• 1919, Mussolini founded the Blackshirts (I)
• Thugs who beat up communists
• Socialists and communists at the time were not fans of the Italian government, since they were doing nothing about fascism, and called for a general strike
• Mussolini began giving public anti-government speeches
• The public loved fascism and Mussolini
• Mussolini threatened that if the government would not break up the general strike, his fascists would
• He soon thereafter marches on Rome with his followers
• Italian king appoints Mussolini as the Prime Minister; he would soon become dictator

• He followed the “stab-in-the-back” propaganda concerning the Jews
• Hitler became very politically active after the war
• He began taking part in national thinking courses under Captain Karl Mayr
• Mayr ordered Hitler, a former Army corporal, to infiltrate the DAP
• DAP was the German Workers Party
• Hitler rose fast, became the party leader
• As the DAP leader, Hitler established factions, or “patriotic associations” known as Kampfbunds
• These factions were actually like armies
• Hitler was soon in charge of over 15,000 brawlers
• Known as the brownshirts or SA (stormtroopers)
• They became Hitler’s private army
• Ernst Rohm was the leader of the SA

• SS, or blackshirts (N) were the most powerful group
• They wore black shirts and were leaders of the movement
• They soon became Hitler’s personal army

• Hitler was inspired by Mussolini’s march on Rome and his quick rise to power
• Hitler and 600 brownshirts march on a Munich beer hall
• Hitler gives a rousing speech in front of 3000 people
• At first, people weren’t listening; then they all were agreeing with him and ready to march
• He brings his 600 brownshirts plus the 3000 new followers out of the beer hall to march on Berlin
• Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison (served a few months)

• 2^nd largest political party in Germany
• President Hindenburgh was forced to appoint Hitler as chancellor
• February 22, 1933, the Reichstag was set on fire
• Hitler soon became dictator (Enabling Act, Reichstag Fire Decree)

• England and France control the Suez Canal, Italy needs permission
• Both countries agreed
• The League of Nations decides to impose economic sanctions on Italy
• England and France do not really care for the economic sanctions, continue to allow Italy to pass through the Suez Canal
• Italy wins in 2 years
• This was a very strategic victory
• By controlling Ethiopia, Italy could now control trade routes and military positions across the African continent
• Hitler was carefully watching this whole thing unfold
• He realized that the world did nothing in response

• Allowed Latin America to do whatever they want without U.S. involvement
• Cuba was a U.S. protectorate, or a country that another country promises to protect but does not make it a colony
• Platt Amendment, established after the Spanish-American War in 1898, compelled the United States to militarily protect Cuba from foreign invaders or the rise of a dictator
• Good Neighbor Policy gets rid of Platt
• This subsequently led to the rise of Fidel Castro later on

• Nye Committee was a group of senators that studied public opinions on why America got involved in World War I
• It was the first ever public opinion polls
• The results of the Nye Committee said that big business was to blame
• They were evil for making money off of the war
• People believed this; helped solidify the anti-war sentiments that were already raging

• Neutrality Act of 1935 declared that America would halt trade of weapons with countries declared at war by the President of the United States (election year for FDR)
• Neutrality Act of 1936 forbade America from giving loans to belligerents
• Five months after the Neutrality Act of 1936, Spain went into Civil War
• Francisco Franco of the loyalist government was fighting the communists
• Thousands of U.S. citizens went to Spain to fight for the communists
• Italy and Germany, now under the Rome-Berlin Axis, sided with Franco
• Hitler got to use the Luftwaffe
• USSR sided with the communists…atrocities begin (nuns raped, churches burned by communists in Spain, etc.)
• Franco wins, major loss for the USSR; very important victory for Rome-Berlin Axis
• But, once WWII begins, Franco DOES NOT HELP GERMANY
• This was a precursor to World War II
• Neutrality Act of 1937 applied the previous two Neutrality Acts to civil wars
• It permits trade of other supplies on a cash-and-carry basis

• Japan invades china coastline. FDR calls this "China incident" so he can avoid neutrality acts and send weapons
• "Quarentine speech" big subtweet to japan
• USS Panay sent to Yangtze river and sunk by japs... tokyo later apologizes

• Hitler invites Austrian chancellor, Kurt Schuschnigg, to Berlin
• SS and Hitler strong-arm him into signing Austria over to Nazi Germany
• Hitler took over Austria without firing a single shot

• First, Hitler arms the German-Czech border with invasion forces
• Hacha, the leader of Czechoslovakia, is invited to Berlin
• Hitler and SS bully him into signing away Sudetenland
• Hitler rolls in; world yet again does nothing

• After WWI britain and france promise to protect czech 
• hitler didnt take yet
• hitler meets with chamberlien and promises that czech is last territory. munich pact signed

• Bombed everyday
• Brits had radar and knew when nazis were coming 
• nazis began to bomb radar towers but eventually stopped bombing all together - bad move

• Wendell Willke Republican - new deal not enough, FDR running for third term, not militarily prepared. supported draft but then flips
• After he loses he supports FDR

• American Peace Mobilization
• 5 planks
• - Dont join europeans, - defeat militarism and regimentation, - restore bill of rights, -stop war profiteering, -guarentee decent standard of living for all
• June 21 1941 one day before operation barbarossa they change sides
• American Peoples Mobilization

• US will be gold standard
• currencies based on US

Nazi

"Desert Fox"

Commanded "Afrika Korps"

All US forces in Europe

D-Day Invasion

US third army in 1944

Waged battles in North Africa and Europe

• 1942 paton and mongomery v rommel in africa
• brits and america surround germany and move to other german controlled area. us morrocco, brits algeria, meet germans in tunisia
• later move to italy and up

Sicily

Mussolinni arrested by king but rescued by nazis

latered kidnapped by commis and executed

• Brit and us invasion w canadians to beaches (Utah, omaha, gold, juno, sword)
• powertrooper lands fake people at night to divert attention
• french resistance blow up nazi train lines
• bomb strongholds

seal hitlers fate

Ft Alger Hiss as soviet spy 

worked in AAA

AAA > Senate > State Department > Director of office of special political affais > First UN secretary general

Poland border established

Stalin takes east Poland

Soviets bug us and brit rooms

feul bombs to bomb germany 

completely destroys 

Line pushed up by Germany

Drive wedge between montgomery and america

Move 78,000 prisoners in phillipines right after pearl harbor

54,000 survive

us sink small jap carrier 

jap destroy 1 US carrier and leave yorktown in flames

Americans save yorktown

• Japan has 3 groups of ships - third group has four carriers
• US finds out japs plans and ready. we have 3 carriers
• first US planes shot down
• Japs switch boat weapons to land, bad idea
• find out about boats switch weapons back
• us mass attack all planes at once
• US dive bombers successfully bomb 2 carriers, yorktown shows up and 3 carriers gone, finally last one gone and 253 planes destroyed

japs construct aircraft carroers

used to attack in leyte gulf but we destroy 400 planes and all aircraft carriers

soviet spy

passes bomb info to stalin

commi 

lead scientist for bombs

soviet spies

1953 trial for treason