Term
| how is cardiac output & BP controlled |
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Definition
autoregulation
neural mechansims
endocrine mechnasims |
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Term
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Definition
| causes immediate localized homeostatic adjustments |
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Term
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Definition
| respond quickly to changes at specific sites |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how do vasomotor centers respond to blood loss |
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Definition
stimualte sympathetic nerves
venoconstriction
cause veins in liver,skin, lungs to redistribute venous reserve |
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Term
| If BP is low the long term response is done by? |
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Definition
| endocrine response by kidneys |
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Term
| If BP is low kidneys release |
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Definition
EPO= increased Bv
renin
angiostensin 2
ADH
aldosterone |
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Term
| If BP is low the short term response is done by? |
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Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| If BP is low sympatheic nervous system release |
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Definition
epinephrine
norepinephrine |
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Term
| Norepinephrine and epinephrine cause |
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Definition
increased caridac output
vasoconstiction
= increased BP & BV |
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Term
| how is cardiac output & BP controlled |
|
Definition
autoregulation
neural mechansims
endocrine mechnasims |
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Term
| If the BP and BV is high what will be released? |
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Definition
| natriuretic peptides by heart (ANP) and (BNP) |
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Term
| If ANP & BNP are released what will occur & why |
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Definition
increased loss of Na+ in urine
increased loss of water in urine
reduced thrist
vasoldilation
= reuduce BP & BV to reduce work of heart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Atrial natiurtetic peptide (ANP) is released by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| excessive diastolic stretching, high BP |
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Term
| Brain natiuretic peptide (BNP) is released by |
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Definition
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Term
| excessive diastolic stretching and high BP stimulate |
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Definition
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Term
| epinephrine & norepinephrine are secreted by |
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Definition
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Term
| epinephrine & norepinephrine are stimulated by__, in the case of___BP |
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Definition
sympathetic nervous system
low |
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Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is released by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
decreased blood volume
increased plasma osmotic concentration
circulating angiotensin II |
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Term
|
Definition
decreased water loss of kidney=
increased BP
increased BV |
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Term
| Angiotensin II is produced by |
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Definition
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Term
| angiostensin 2 responds to |
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Definition
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Term
| angiotensin 2 leads to the production of |
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Definition
aldosterone
ADH
thirst
increased CO
vasoconstriction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
converts angiotensinogen
to angiotensin I
to finally angiotensinogen II |
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Term
| renin also stimulates the production of |
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Definition
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Term
renin causes vaso
constiction or dilation |
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Definition
| vasoconstriction to increase BP |
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Term
| If blood pressure is high, what will be inh? |
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Definition
no:
ADH
aldosterone
epinephrine/norepinephrine
angiotenison II
renin |
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Term
| If Na+ is increased,BP is |
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Definition
| high, Na+ is going to be lossed in urine |
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Term
| If EPO is needed, your BP and BV |
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Definition
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Term
| If renin is needed, BP is |
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Definition
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Term
| Aldosterone needed, BP is |
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Definition
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Term
| If your are thristy, your BP is |
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Definition
|
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Term
| increased ADH, means___ BP |
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Definition
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Term
| name all hormones that increase BP |
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Definition
epinephrine/norepinephrine
ADH
AngiotensinII
EPO
renin |
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Term
| name compounds that lower BP |
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Definition
ANP & BNP
=natriuretic peptides |
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Term
If there is physical stress (trauma etc)
, chemical changes(pH, low O2 ect)
increased tissue activity
what system would kick in and what would use to bring body to normal state? |
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Definition
| autoregulation; vasodilators/vasoconstrictors |
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Term
| If autoregulation fails to solve the problem what system would kick in? |
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Definition
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Term
| central regulation uses____ which involve____&_____ |
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Definition
| neuro-endocrine,cardiovascular centers& vasomotor centers. |
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Term
| The cardiovascular centers & vasomotor centers are located |
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Definition
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Term
| autoregulation of blood flow is adjusted by___ while___ stays the same |
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Definition
| peripheral resistance (dilation/constriction); cardiac output |
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Term
| examples of vasodilators are |
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Definition
low O2 levels
high CO2 levels
nitric oxide
high k+ or H- conc.
chemicals released by inflammation
elevated local temp |
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Term
|
Definition
| constrict capillary sphinceters |
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Term
| thromboxane and prostaglandins are examples of |
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Definition
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Term
| vasconstrictors are usually released by |
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Definition
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Term
| neural mechanisms are (long/short term ) responses |
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Definition
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Term
| the cardiovasuclar centers include |
|
Definition
cardioacceleratory centers
cardioinhibitory centers |
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Term
| what are vasomotor centers |
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Definition
| clusters of neurons in medulla that send impulses to sympathetic fibers called vasomotor fibers that control smooth muscles especially arterioles |
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Term
| name the nerve in the vasomotor center that causes vasoconstriction |
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Definition
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Term
| name the nerve in the vasomotor center that causes vasoconstriction |
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Definition
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Term
| vasomotor tone is produced by |
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Definition
| constant action of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves b/c arterioles are always in a mild state of contraction |
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Term
| name the two recepetors utilized by cardiovascular centers |
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Definition
| barcorecepetor reflexes & chemorecepetor reflexes |
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Term
| barcoreceptors reflexes are also called |
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Definition
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Term
| barcoreceptors respond to |
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Definition
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Term
| chemoreceptors reflexes respond to |
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Definition
| changes in chemical composition such as pH and disolved gases |
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Term
| barcorecptors are located in the walls of |
|
Definition
carotid sinuses
aortic sinuses
right atrium |
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Term
| barcorecpetors in the caroitid sinuses mointor |
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Definition
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Term
| barcorecpetors in the aortic sinuses mointor |
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Definition
| start of systemic circuit |
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Term
| barcoreceptors in right atrium mointor |
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Definition
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Term
| if BP is high , cardiocenters will stimulate |
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Definition
| barcoreceptors and vasodilation will occur |
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Term
| if BP is high cardiocenters will inh? |
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Definition
| cardioacceletory centers that will allow decrease cardiac output |
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Term
| if BP is low, cardiocenters will stimualte? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| the peripheral chemoreceptors are located? |
|
Definition
carotid bodies
aortic bodies |
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Term
| central chemoreptors are located? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| fcn of central chemoreceptors? |
|
Definition
mointor cerebropspinal fluid
control respiratory fcn
control blood flow to brain |
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Term
| If oxygen is low, how would chemorecpetors respond? |
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Definition
chemorecptors would send impulses to cardioacceleratory centers
& sympathteic nervous system would also kick in to help |
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Term
| What happens during light excercise? |
|
Definition
.excessive vasodilation occurs
.venous return increases with increasing muscle contractions
. cardiac output increases |
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Term
| what two factors influence cardiac output |
|
Definition
venous return =Frank-Starling principle
Atrial stretching |
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Term
| What is the Frank-Starling principle? |
|
Definition
EDV increases,(vol in ventricles after atria fill them with blood)
SV increases( vol. of blood ejected by ventricle into semilunar valve) |
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Term
| heavy excerise activates what branch of nervous system |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| During Heavy excercise, how does blood flow change? |
|
Definition
.cardiac output is at max
.blood flow to nonessential organs is resticted
.blood redirected to muscles,heart,lungs |
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Term
| True or false: During heavy excercise brain blood flow is changed. |
|
Definition
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Term
| short term responses are able to compensate for % of BV, failure to restore BP results in __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
carotid & aortic reflexes
sympathetic nervous system
hormonal effects
These are examples of |
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Definition
| short term responses for cardiovascular changes |
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Term
| long term restortation of BV always involves |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what two hormones promote fluid retention and is used for hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
aldosterone and ADH
note : EPO can also be used |
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|
Term
| Hemorhaging: long term response |
|
Definition
ADH
aldosterone
EPO
are released to increase BV and BP |
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|
Term
| Hemorrhaging: short term response |
|
Definition
sympathehtic ANS=
vasoconstriction, increased cardiac output, increased BP |
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|
Term
| Which three organs have mechansims to control blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brain requires what rate of blood flow? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blockage/ rupture in a cerebral artery
which can stop blood flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| blockage/ rupture in a cerebral artery |
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Term
| a stroke is likely to result from an |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lactic acid and low O2 cause |
|
Definition
| coronary vessels to dilate |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a heart attack is the result of & causes |
|
Definition
blockage of coronary blood flow
angina(chest pain)
tissue damage
death
heart failure |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood flow in lungs is regulated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| age related changes in blood vessels include |
|
Definition
.less elastic arteries
.Ca2+ deposits on walls
.thrombi (clot) forms |
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|
Term
| thrombi in vessels can cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if arteries become less elastic what can occur? |
|
Definition
| pressure changes can occur which can lead to an anueurysm |
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|
Term
| if Ca2+ deposits are on vessel walls what can occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| age related changes in blood |
|
Definition
decreased hemocrit
thrombus
pooling of blood (ex. legs) due to venous valve deterioation |
|
|
Term
| age related changes to heart |
|
Definition
decreased max CO
changes in nodal & conducting cells
replacement of damaged cardiac muscle with scar tissue |
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