What civilizations were the first to use greenhouse

structures?

Egyptian and Roman civilizations were the first

to use greenhouse structures to protect tender

crops such as fruits and vegetables during winter

months.

Greenhouses are used for a wide variety of

purposes and may be found in homes, offices,

hospitals, public gardens, research institutions,

and commercial locations (wholesale and retail).

What are four factors that affect the grower’s

choice when selecting the best size and type of

greenhouse?

• Amount of space available

• Types of plants to be grown

• Geographical location

• Cost of construction materials

What are four key factors that should be considered

when locating a greenhouse range?

• Market, accessibility, climatic conditions

• Topography and drainage

• Zoning regulations, water, and other

utilities

• Labor supply, room for expansion

What are three basic greenhouse design types and

three examples of each?

Attached—lean-to, attached even-span, and

window mounted

• Detached (freestanding greenhouse)—

even-span, uneven-span, Gothic, and

Quonset

• Connected—ridge and furrow connected,

barrel vault, and sawtooth

What are the advantages and disadvantages of

freestanding and connected greenhouses?

The main advantage of freestanding greenhouses

is that environmental issues (temperature,

light, and so on) can be regulated very easily and

programmed to meet specific needs.The main

disadvantage is that more land is needed, which

increases cost. The advantages of connected

greenhouses are that the overall cost is less,

efficiency is increased because workers and equipment

can move throughout the greenhouse with

ease and do not have to go outside to move from

house to house, requires less heat because there are

more inside walls, and less land is needed.

The main disadvantage is that it is difficult to

accommodate different environmental

conditions.

Prior to laying the foundation for a greenhouse, what

should be done?

Water and electrical lines should be located and

placed.

List the six major structural components of the

greenhouse and provide a function for each.

The ridge (top of the greenhouse), anchor

support posts (provide the main structural

support), trusses (structural support), purlins

(structural support), ventilators (cooling), and

cooling fans (cooling).

What is the most important function of a greenhouse

covering?

The most important function of a greenhouse

covering is to allow maximum amount of light into

the greenhouse for the growth and development of

plants.

What eight factors should be considered when selecting

a site for a greenhouse range?

Market, accessibility, climatic conditions, topography,

drainage, water, utilities, zoning regulations,

labor supply, and room for expansion.

What are three factors to consider when orienting a

greenhouse range on a piece of land?

Orientation of greenhouse range:

• Orient to maximize light entry into the

greenhouse

• Minimize heat loss

• Accessibility to large trucks, customers, and

employees

List three commonly used types of bench arrangements

found in greenhouses, and then provide the

benefits of each.

Commonly used bench arrangements

• Longitudinal best for mechanized cut flower

production; the disadvantage is that it is

difficult for employees to move across the

greenhouse with ease.

• Cross benching is similar to longitudinal but it

provides easier accessibility to all benches;

however, it does not maximize growing space

since the aisle space reduces its efficiency.

• Peninsular bench arrangement has one central

aisle that runs the entire length of the greenhouse

and provides accessibility to employees

while maximizing the growing area.

What are three ways that heat can be lost from

greenhouses?

This type works well in large

greenhouses.

This type works best in

smaller greenhouses.

Used for localized heating

in conjunction with long perforated tubes that

run the length of the greenhouse. Potential

problem is that dry heat produced.

The major advantage of this

type of system is that it conserves energy and

has no problems with pollutants.Adisadvantage

is the initial cost of the system.Another disadvantage

is that it may be difficult to monitor

the actual temperature that the plant may be

receiving because air temperature is not a good

indicator with this type of heater.Another potential

disadvantage is that the sources of radiation

must be located directly above the

The main advantages of

this type system are that it conserves energy,

and there are no problems with pollutants.

Disadvantages are that the initial cost is high,

and it is dependent upon weather conditions.

What are four types of cooling systems used in

greenhouses?

Natural ventilation system, fan-tube ventilation

system, fan and pad cooling system, and fog

evaporative cooling system.

In addition to cooling, what are three advantages provided

when ventilating a greenhouse?

• Renews the supply of carbon dioxide needed for

photosynthesis

• Circulates air to reduce the chances of diseases

• Prevents ethylene buildup

when two or more greenhouses

are located together.

a central building that is used for offices,

storage, and workspace with attached greenhouses.

a greenhouse that is connected

to a building.

a greenhouse that is

separate from other buildings or greenhouses

greenhouses that are joined.

Various styles of connected greenhouses include

ridge-and-furrow, barrel-vault, and sawtooth

greenhouses.

heat loss by transmission through the

greenhouse.

heat loss through cracks or holes that

occur in a structure.

the radiation of heat from a warm surface,

such as a plant leaf, to a cooler surface, such as a

greenhouse covering.

Early Egyptian and Roman civilizations used

greenhouse structures to protect tender crops such

as fruits and vegetables during the winter months.

A headhouse is a central building that is used for

offices, storage, and workspace without attached

greenhouses.

The greenhouse design types and sizes used depend

upon space available, geographical location,

types of plants to be grown, and cost of construction

materials.

Attached greenhouses should be included in the

initial design of the home or workplace, or problems

can occur.

Freestanding greenhouses have better environmental

control than connected greenhouses.

An advantage of connected greenhouses is that

they are more efficient because workers and

equipment can move throughout the greenhouse

with ease.

A major disadvantage of connected greenhouses

becomes clear when growing crops that require

different environmental conditions.

Water and electrical lines should be located and

placed before the foundation for a greenhouse is

constructed.

Trusses and purlins are used for structural strength

in greenhouses

Glass is the best greenhouse cover because it is

cheap and allows maximum light transmission.

Flexible plastic films are lightweight and have a

number of other advantages, but they cannot be

used on a wide range of greenhouse types.

Greenhouses covered with fiberglass-reinforced

plastic are easier to cool than greenhouses covered

with glass.

Longitudinal bench arrangements in the greenhouse

are typically used because this design gives

employees greater accessibility and maximizes the

growing area.

Cross-benching arrangements in the greenhouse

are typically used for cut flowers because such

arrangements allow for mechanization.

The peninsular bench arrangement provides

accessibility to employees while maximizing the

growth area.

Most greenhouses use raised benches in a wide

range of designs and materials.

When greenhouses are cooled using a natural ventilation

system, chilling injury to plants can occur.

Greenhouse temperatures can be reduced by using

shading materials on the greenhouse.

Shading materials are often applied to glass as

well as polyethylene greenhouses in the spring

and summer to reduce the temperature within the

greenhouse.

One of the disadvantages of infrared radiant

heaters is that it may be difficult to monitor air

temperatures accurately because this type of heater

warms plants and other objects in the greenhouse

but not the air temperature to the same extent.

The major advantage of infrared heaters is that

they conserve energy; however, there are problems

with pollutants.

Greenhouse structures are built or manufactured

in many design types and sizes. The type used

depends on:

A. space available.

B. type of plants to be grown.

C. cost.

D. All of the above

Which of the following are common styles of connected

greenhouses?

A. Dutch houses

B. Sawtooth greenhouses

C. Barrel-vault greenhouses

D. All of the above

A. Attached

B. Freestanding

C. Connected

D. All of the above

Which of the following is an example of a freestanding

greenhouse?

A. Sawtooth

B. Barrel vault

C. Gothic arch

D. All of the above

Which of the following is not an example of a connected

greenhouse?

A. Sawtooth

B. Dutch house

C. Quonset

D. Barrel vault

The most important function of a greenhouse covering

is to:

A. be strong enough to withstand vandalism.

B. provide good support while being inexpensive.

C. allow maximum light into the greenhouse.

D. None of the above

Which of the following greenhouse covers has the

disadvantage of condensation building up on the inside

surface?

A. Fiberglass-reinforced plastic

B. Polyethylene

C. Acrylic

D. Polycarbonate

Which of the following greenhouse covers allows in

the same amount of light as glass?

A. Acrylic

B. Polyethylene

C. Fiberglass-reinforced plastic

D. Polycarbonate

Which of the following are common types of bench

arrangements used in greenhouses?

A. Longitudinal

B. Cross benching

C. Peninsular

D. All of the above

In addition to cooling, ventilation of a greenhouse

provides which of the following?

A. A reduction in diseases

B. Ethylene buildup prevention

C. A renewed supply of CO2

D. All of the above

Properly orienting the greenhouse range is important

to allow maximum ______ to enter the greenhouse.

Most of the heating systems used in greenhouses use

oil or propane to fuel the boiler, which may cause

problems with pollutants such as ______.

What are five environmental factors that must be

considered when growing plants in the greenhouse?

What is a general rule of thumb used when selecting

temperatures that must be maintained for most greenhouse

crops?

In general, a night temperature of 55 to 65°F and a

day temperature 10 to 15°F higher than the night

temperature must be maintained for most greenhouse

crops.

When supplying supplemental light, what are

three factors that must be considered?

The quality, quantity (intensity), and duration of

sunlight affects plant growth; therefore, it is very

important to take all three factors into consideration

when selecting supplemental light.

What are two ways to maximize light intensity in

greenhouses?

• Use greenhouse coverings that allow maximum

light transmission.

• Properly design and plan the greenhouse.

• Routinely clean and maintain greenhouse

coverings

What are two advantages of using clay pots and

one major disadvantage?

Advantages

• Anatural material that is porous and enables

water to evaporate from its surface, thereby

reducing the danger from waterlogging

• Heavier, stronger, and can support large plants

without falling over

Disadvantages

• Cost

• Bulky to handle

• Breakable

What are the first and second considerations when selecting

a container? After these decisions have been

made, what are four other factors that must be taken

into consideration?

Size of the container and cost of the container.

Four other factors—drainage, durability, ease of

handling for mechanization, color and shape.

What are four different types of containers used to

grow plants in greenhouses?

Rooting containers, bedding plant containers, and

green and flowering plant containers.

• Peat pellets

• Peat plugs

• Peat pots

• Plastic foam

• Good moisture- and nutrient-holding capacity

• Physical properties that permit rapid water

infiltration, aeration, and drainage

• Decompose slowly

• Flow easily to facilitate pot filling

• Free of toxins

• Good cation exchange capacity and buffering

capacity

• Provide good support for the plant

List the six components commonly used in growing

media and provide the function of each.

Peat moss, wood byproducts, bark, and vermiculite

provide high moisture- and nutrient-holding capacity.

Sand and perlite provide aeration and drainage.

What are three important considerations that must be

made when watering plants?

What are seven types of irrigation systems commonly

used in greenhouses?

• Hose watering

• Tube irrigation

• Capillary mat

• Ebb and flow

• Overhead irrigation

• Perimeter irrigation

• Soaker hose

What are two types of fertilizers available and which

of these two is most commonly used?

Two types of fertilizers commonly used in greenhouses

are organic and inorganic. Inorganic fertilizers

are the most commonly used.

What are five different ways to prevent pests from

entering greenhouses? After pests have entered the

greenhouse, what are several ways to get rid of them?

Prevent pest entry using screens, weed control

inside and outside the greenhouse, sanitation practices,

crop inspection, and environmental manipulation.

After pests have entered the greenhouse,

biological control works well unless the population

of pests gets too high, in which case a combination

of chemical, genetic, cultural, and mechanical

control should be used.

the plant’s response to changes in

day and night temperature

using differences in day and night temperatures

to modify plant height

when the day temperature is lower

than the night temperature

when the day temperature is higher

than the night temperature, promoting internode

elongation.

involves the length of exposure to

light over a 24-hour period.

the total light energy that may

affect plant growth and development.

instrument used to measure soil

moisture.

a fertilizer that contains naturally

occurring materials that are derived from plants or

animals, for example, bloodmeal, bonemeal, different

types of manures, and others

inorganic fertilizer contains

synthetic nutrient compounds that are derived from

mineral salts.

Supplying supplemental carbon dioxide to greenhouses

is only effective when adequate light is

available.

Some plants are highly sensitive to low concentrations

of fluoride commonly put in water systems

to prevent tooth decay.

Photoperiodism is the length of the light period

that influences plant growth.

Light intensity is the wavelength or color of the

light.

Thermotropism is the plant’s response to changes

in day and night temperatures.

Water containing chlorine and fluoride is beneficial

to plants because it decreases the occurrence

of disease.

In greenhouses, the night temperature should be

cooler than the day temperature to mimic natural

conditions.

Light intensity is the actual quantity of light being

supplied.

Light quality has little effect on the overall size of

the plant.

Clay containers are porous, which allows more

aeration to the roots, and heavier, which provides

more stability for top-heavy plants.

Some rooting containers are manufactured from

organic compounds such as peat moss.

Some rooting containers are manufactured from

inorganic compounds such as plastic.

Peat pellets and peat pots are commonly used as

rooting containers.

One of the important functions of a growing

medium is that it must be reproducible and

available.

An important consideration for watering plants is

to be sure to water shortly after the plant shows

signs of wilting.

Perimeter irrigation is a commonly used irrigation

system in greenhouses.

Ebb and flow irrigation systems are not a

commonly used irrigation system in greenhouses

The best way to ensure proper nutrient levels of

greenhouse crops is to only fertilize at the beginning

of each month.

Inorganic fertilizers are synthetic nutrient compounds

that are derived from mineral salts.

Organic fertilizers are nutrient materials derived

from mineral salts.

IPM practices are only important to use for field

crops, not greenhouse crops.

Techniques such as weed control, crop inspection,

and environmental manipulation are effective

means of preventing pests from entering

greenhouses.

Which of the following is one of the first considerations

when selecting containers for crops?

A. Cost

B. Durability

C. Size

D. Ease of handling

Many years ago, most greenhouse crops were grown

in clay pots. Today, a majority of the greenhouse

crops are produced in plastic containers. Which of the

following is a reason for this change?

A. Clay pots provide less aeration for the roots.

B. Clay pots are more expensive than plastic

containers.

C. Clay pots come in a limited number of sizes.

D. All of the above

A. half as high as their widths.

B. slightly shorter than standards.

C. equal in width and height.

D. None of the above

A. equal in width and height.

B. half as high as their widths.

C. slightly shorter than standards.

D. None of the above

Proper watering of container-grown plants is one of

the hardest tasks for employees to learn. Irrigation

should be based on

A. demand of the crop.

B. when the plant wilts.

C. when plants are turgid.

D. None of the above

Which of the following type(s) of irrigation system(s)

are commonly used today?

A. Hose watering

B. Perimeter irrigation

C. Capillary mat system

D. All of the above

Thermoperiodism is the plant’s response to changes in

____ and ___ temperatures.

Clay pots are not commonly used anymore because

they are more ______ than plastic pots.

It is important to apply water to the growing medium

and not to the foliage or flowers to prevent the spread

of ______.

Describe what a USDA Plant Hardiness Map is used

for and explain the information it provides.

A Plant Hardiness Map is used to determine the

type of nursery crop that will grow at a given location

based on temperature. The Plant Hardiness

Map identifies 11 zones by average minimal temperatures

in each zone. It also identifies 12 different

zones based on the average number of days

above 86°F, because some plants can tolerate low

temperatures but cannot tolerate extended summers

and high temperatures.

List four of the nine environmental factors that should

be considered when selecting a suitable nursery site.

Temperature, light, rainfall, wind, soil, topography,

water, air pollution, and plant pests.

List three of the five economic factors discussed in the

text that should be considered when selecting a suitable

nursery site.

Land cost and availability, labor, transportation,

utilities and services, and competition

What are four common problems encountered in areas

with high rainfall during critical times for nursery

operations?

Inability of machinery to get into the field, delays

digging of trees and seedling, soil compaction, and

soil erosion.

What are four factors that should be considered in

preparation of land for nursery development?

Removal of major objects from the soil, land

leveling, installation of irrigation and drainage

systems, installation of a road system.

What are five structures for propagating and growing

nursery plants?

• Greenhouses

• Coldframes

• Hotbeds

• Shadehouses

• Overwintering houses

Cold storage facilities at temperatures between

34 and 40°F and a high relative humidity are

typically used for storing bare root material prior

to transport.

the natural and human-made surface

features of an area and their relationships.

when harmful or degrading materials

contaminate the air.

growing nursery crops to a marketable

size in containers that differ in size and shape

according to the species and the marketable size

desired.

grows nursery crops to a marketable

size in the field

A Plant Hardiness Map of the United States defines

areas where certain plants will or will not

survive.

Areas of high rainfall during critical times of

nursery operation should be avoided.

Common problems encountered when soil becomes

saturated during critical nursery operations

are delays in digging trees and seedlings.

Undeveloped land is inexpensive and always the

first choice when selecting land for a nursery site.

Farmland is always the best choice when selecting

a nursery site.

Plants grown in a container nursery require two to

three times less land per plant as compared to

field-grown plants.

A coldframe is a wooden or concrete block frame

with heat supplied by solar radiation through glass

or other transparent coverings.

Hotbeds are similar to coldframes except that

solar radiation is used for heating hotbeds.

Greenhouses provide the best environmental control

for propagating and growing plants; however,

they are the most expensive.

Coldframes are the simplest and most economical

outside propagation structure whereas greenhouses

are the most expensive.

Shadehouses protect plants from environmental

factors such as wind, temperature, hail, heavy

rain, and solar radiation.

A cold storage facility is typically used to store

bare root materials in nurseries. These plants are

typically defoliated to reduce moisture loss during

storage by treating with abscisic acid.

Areas with high rainfall during critical times of nursery

operations should be avoided. Common problems

encountered when soils become saturated include

A. waterlogging.

B. damage to soil.

C. inability to get machinery into the field.

D. All of the above

A. compact for total ease of operation.

B. spread out to maximize work conditions.

C. located in major cities.

D. All of the above

A. two to three times more land than a container

nursery.

B. two to three times less land than a container

nursery.

C. the same amount of land as a container nursery.

D. None of the above

The proper ______ is one of the most important

factors when selecting a suitable site for a nursery.

_______ are commonly used to protect sites from

excessive wind damage.

What are eight important factors that should be considered

when growing nursery crops in containers?

Proper product mix, media selection, container

selection, container bed design, overwintering

container grown crops, fertilization, watering, and

pest control.

What is the proper product mix for a successful nursery

and how is it determined?

Typically the proper product mix is around 70 percent

standards, such as shrubs and flowering trees,

and 30 percent are new plants that have potential

following an extensive marketing analysis.

What are four factors that a good propagation medium

should have?

It should firmly hold the cuttings in place, have

good water- and nutrient-holding capacity, have

good aeration and drainage, and be free from

insects and diseases.

What are seven factors that should be considered

when selecting the proper propagation container?

Size (the number one factor), cost, drainage,

proper color, lightweight and easy to handle,

durable to facilitate shipping and handling, and

free of toxic substances.

Copper compounds incorporated into the pot

prevent root circling.

What are five factors that should be considered when

designing a bed for container-grown crops?

Size of the pots, container spacing, production

practices, irrigation design, and coverage.

Why is it important to overwinter container-grown

crops, 

The roots of container-grown crops are not as cold

hardy as the shoots; therefore, container-grown

plants are susceptible to winter damage because the root system is not insulated by the soil like

field-grown crops.

three ways to protect containergrown

crops from winter damage?

• Place pots close together and wrap them with

black plastic around the outside edge.

• Put a border row of containers filled with soil

but no plants to protect the pots containing

plants.

• Acombination of the previous two methods,

using black plastic and a border row of containers

with soil only to protect plants.

What are five important factors that should be considered

when growing nursery crops in the field?

Proper product mix, site preparation, plant

spacing, production system used, and maintenance

of field-grown plants, including pH adjustment,

fertilization, irrigation, and pest control.

What are four factors that should be considered in site

preparation for field-grown nursery crops?

Plow to loosen the soil and remove any large objects

uncovered during the plowing operation, run

soil analysis, add organic matter or sand depending

upon what is needed, and install irrigation

and drainage systems.

What are two major factors that should be considered

when planning the proper plant spacing for a field

nursery?

The distance between rows of plants is determined

by the final size of the plant and the type of equipment

used in the nursery.

What are the pros and cons of balled and burlapped

and bare root methods of nursery crop production?

The main advantage of the balled and burlapped

method is that transplanting shock is minimized;

the main disadvantage is cost. The main advantage

of the bare root method is that plants are lightweight,

making shipping more economical, and the

initial cost per plant to the grower is lower;

however, the main disadvantage is that there is a

problem with transplanting shock.

the mixture of crops that are grown at

a nursery.

a method where larger pots

(holder pots) are placed in holes in the ground and

buried up to their lip. Containers with plants are then

placed into the holder pot.

plants that will show signs of wilting

prior to crop plants thereby signaling when crop

plants should be watered.

a production system starting

with field-grown trees that are dug keeping the ball of

soil containing the root system that is covered with

burlap material.

a seedling plant without a ball of soil

around the roots.

Container-grown plants are susceptible to winter

damage because their root systems are not insulated

by the soil like the root systems of fieldgrown

plants are.

One method to determine when a container-grown

nursery crop should be watered is to use

indicator plants.

A method commonly used to determine when a

container-grown nursery crop should be watered

is moisture sensors.

A method used to determine when a containergrown

nursery crop should be watered is simply

to feel the weight of the pot.

A method to determine when a container-grown

nursery crop should be watered is simply to feel

the soil.

Irrigation should be based on the demand of the

crop.

To conserve water, irrigation applications should

take place during the early morning hours; doing

so minimizes evaporative losses.

Copper compounds are used to prevent root circling

in container-grown plants.

The main advantage of the balled and burlapped

method is the initial lower cost per plant to the

grower.

The same general rules used to determine the

product mix for a container nursery also apply to

field nurseries.

Good site preparation is essential for high-quality

nursery stock plants; therefore, it is important to

control pathogenic fungi, insects, and weeds prior

to planting.

The main advantage of the balled and burlapped

method of production is that it is cheaper than

other methods.

The balled and burlapped method of production

typically requires that the soil in which plants are

grown has a high clay content.

The main advantage of the bare root system of

production is that it is cheaper and there is little

problem with transplanting shock.

In 1998, the number one state for nursery production

in terms of sales dollars in the United States was

For a nursery to be successful, it must have the proper

product mix. Which of the following describes the

proper product mix?

Grow 70 percent of standard plants with

30 percent of new plants that have potential.

Dolomitic limestone contains ______ and

________.

Based on written records, which culture first used

flowers?

The Egyptian civilization was the first to use

flowers in the year 2800 BC.

What type of floral designs are Egyptians, Greeks,

and Romans known for?

Egyptians are known for showy arrangement in

large containers; Greeks are known for scattering

flower petals on the ground on festive occasions

plus they were the first to use floral wreaths that

were worn or held; and the Romans were known

for floral garlands.

Oriental floral design began in three countries. List

the three countries, designating which was first,

second, and third to use flowers. Then, provide their

contribution to floral design.

India was the first followed by China and Japan.

Contributions include:

India—placed flowers on altars during religious

ceremonies.

China—developed practice of placing flowers in

large containers.

Japan—developed lkenobo Design

After the fall of the Roman Empire, many countries

emerged in the region now called Europe. List two of

the four design types created in those countries.

What design became the pattern for early American

floral arrangements? What term describes the

American version of this type of design?

The Victorian design became the pattern for early

American floral arrangements, and the term

Williamsburg design describes the American version

of the Victorian style.

The three types are artificial (plastic), silk, and

dried flowers.

The most commonly used cut flowers are roses,

carnations, and chrysanthemums.

List the six steps that should be followed to condition

flowers and foliage properly.

1. Unpack and inspect.

2. Prioritize the order of processing flowers.

3. Remove sleeves, ties, and any foliage that will

be below the water line.

4. Recut the stems and put them in a plastic or

glass container with warm water containing

floral preservatives.

5. Place cut flowers in the light at room

temperature.

6. Put cut flowers in the cooler.

The five principles of floral design are proportion,

scale, balance, rhythm, and dominance.

The seven design elements are color, line, form,

shape, space, texture, and pattern.

1. The arrangement height begins with the

proper placement of the first flower, because it

is important to work from the top of the

arrangement downward to the bottom.

2. Smaller flowers and/or buds should be placed

at the top of the arrangement, with large fully

opened flowers located near the bottom.

3. Light-colored flowers should be placed near

the top of the arrangement, and dark-colored

flowers should be placed near the bottom.

4. Flowers should be placed farther apart at the

top of the arrangement and get progressively

closer at the bottom.

5. Placement of flowers should be from the back

of the arrangement toward the front.

6. A focal point should be established at the

bottom of the arrangement.

awreath that has not been circularized;

it can be made of flowers, foliage, or a combination

Japanese floral design when each

flower has a specific meaning and an exact location in

the arrangement.

flowers that are grown for the sole

purpose of removing them from the parent plant and

displaying them in containers or for other uses such as

corsages.

the amount of time a cut flower retains its

desirable qualities prior to deteriorating

the floral design principle that is

the relationship among size and shape, specific

characteristics of the flowers, and the container

used; the table or shelf and the room they are in all

relate to proportion of a floral design. In the landscape

design principle, it is the relationship between the

sizes of the different types of plants used in a landscape

design.

a part of proportion dealing with the relative

size among things only, not shapes

the physical and visual stability of a

floral design or a landscape design principle, which

uses equal weight of design elements to show

uniformity.

a landscape design principle that deals with

flow throughout the landscape

one design element or characteristic

should be more noticeable than others, thereby creating

a focal point.

the movement between two points within a floral

design; can be created with round or linear materials.

In landscape design, a one-dimensional effect produced

by arranging three-dimensional objects in a

certain fashion.

the three-dimensional shape of the outline

of the floral design, or in landscape design, a threedimensional

element; for example, a tree shape can be

round, weeping, horizontal, and a variety of other

shapes.

the distance between plant materials found in

a floral arrangement

the surface quality and placement of

plant parts in the design, for example, smooth and

rough.

the physical characteristics of plant

material, such as the arrangement of leaves and

petals.

According to written records, the Egyptian civilization

was the first to use flowers.

In Ikenobo Design, flowers are distributed randomly

throughout the arrangement

The Renaissance design became the pattern for

early American floral arrangements

Egyptians are known for their showy flower

arrangements in large containers.

Greeks did not arrange flowers in vases or jars;

they are known for scattering flower petals at

weddings and wearing and carrying wreaths.

Each of the European floral design styles has its

roots in the traditional Greek and Roman cultures

Silver thiosulfate prevents bacterial growth and

blocks ethylene action in cut flowers.

Prior to conditioning flowers and foliage that have

been received, the order of processing should be

prioritized based on the condition and expense of

the flowers.

One of the six rules of floral design is to work

from the top of the arrangement toward the

bottom.

One of the six rules of floral design is to use

smaller flowers or buds at the top of the

arrangement.

One of the principles of floral design is proportion,

which is the relationship between size and

shape.

One of the principles of floral design is scale,

which is a part of proportion dealing with size

only, not shape.

Design elements are the physical characteristics of

plant materials, such as color and line.

The pocketknife is one of the most important tools

available to the floral designer.

Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans incorporated the use

of flowers into their cultures. Which of the following

were the Greeks known for?

Scattering flower petals on the ground during

festivals

Buddhist priests in which of the following countries

were the first to use flowers in religious ceremonies?

A. asymmetrical triangle.

B. symmetrical triangle.

C. open triangle.

D. All of the above

Which of the following is not a key rule of floral

design?

Start flowers at the front of the arrangement

and work toward the back.

What are eight factors that should be considered when

optimizing a plant’s environment for growth indoors?

Temperature, humidity, water, light, growing

media, fertilization, acclimation, and pest control.

What are two factors that should be considered when

deciding what plants to use in the interiorscape?

Plant characteristics and personal preferences

should be considered when deciding what plants

should be used in the landscape.

Terrariums were originally invented around 1850

as a way of transporting living plants from the far

parts of the world, when sea voyages took months

or years to complete.

What criteria should be used when selecting plants for

a terrarium?

Plants should be able to withstand tropical conditions

such as high humidity and low light levels.

What criteria should be used when selecting a container

for a terrarium?

Any container can be used for a terrarium; the

only criterion is that it is clear. Aside from that,

container selection is based on personal

preference.

Provide the basic steps involved in putting together a

terrarium and what factors should be considered after

the terrarium is complete.

1. Make sure the inside of the container is clean.

2. Add about 1 to 2 inches of gravel to the bottom

of the container.

3. On top of the gravel, add 1 to 2 inches of a

planting medium composed of 3 parts

commercial potting soil and 1 part crushed

charcoal, which removes unwanted chemicals

that may otherwise accumulate in a closed

environment.

4. Dig a hole in the planting medium. Prior to

inserting the plant into the hole, remove about

half of the soil from the plant root ball, insert into the hole, and then firm the soil in place

around the plant roots.

5. Apply a layer of ground bark or other

mulching material to cover the soil surface

and mist lightly.

6. Prior to covering, make sure that any parts of

the inside of the container that were soiled

during the insertion of plants and other materials

are cleaned.

After the terrarium is complete, provide adequate

water, light, temperature, fertilization,

and pest control. In addition, plants should be

pruned as needed.

a branch of ornamental horticulture

which uses ornamental plants for functional and aesthetic

purposes to create pleasing and comfortable

areas in buildings.

an instrument used to measure

humidity.

instrument used to measure soil

moisture.

the metric unit for expressing the illumination

falling on all points of a surface measuring one meter

square, each point being a meter away from a

standard light source of 1 foot candle

(1 lux = 0.093 foot candles).

contain powders or crystals of

fertilizers that have been dissolved in water first and

then applied to the soil as a liquid.

miniature landscape growing in a

covered glass or plastic container that has a high capacity

to retain moisture and is used for displaying

and storing plants.

Overwatering of indoor plants (resulting in root

rot diseases) is common, both by the homeowner

and the professional.

Most foliage plants belong to the tropical plant

group and are sensitive to chilling.

Indoor plants should generally be fertilized in the

spring and summer, not in the winter or fall.

Chilling injury occurs when plants are exposed to

temperatures at or below freezing.

High temperatures are a direct cause of injury to

houseplants.

Good watering practices will reduce plant damage

caused by low humidity.

Plants grown with light bulbs as their only source

of light are typically shorter and compact.

Fluorescent lights are rich in the red light portion

of the light spectrum.

It is important to fertilize plants during the winter

and fall months.

A common disease in foliage plants is Puccinia

posophylli.

Two common insects found on foliage plants are

whiteflies and viromites.

Cactus and succulent-type plants are commonly

used in terrariums.

Any glass or clear plastic container can be used

for a terrarium.

The planting medium used in a terrarium should

contain some crushed charcoal.

It is important to remove about half of the soil

from the plant root ball prior to putting plants into

a terrarium.

Which of the following are disease problems on popular

foliage plants?

A. Erwinia amylovora

B. Puccinia podophylli

C. Venturia inaequalis

D. None of the above

Which of the following are insect problems on popular

foliage plants?

A. Mealy bug

B. Scale

C. Spider mite

D. All of the above

Light bulbs are called incandescent lamps; they emit

light in which of the following spectrums?

Terrariums were invented around 1850 for which of

the following purposes?

As a way of transporting living plants from the

far parts of the world

Foliage plants produced in Florida are grown under

high light and proper humidity, temperature, and

fertilization; therefore, prior to transfer to the home

environment, they must be ______ to low light

and humidity typically found in these locations.

A _______ is a miniature landscape growing in a

covered glass or plastic container.