Term
|
Definition
| invertebrates (insects and their relatives, nematodes, snails and slugs), weeds, disease, and vertebrates (birds, reptiles, rodents, etc). Abiotic disorders also cause problems but they are not living organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The naming system starts by dividing living organisms into one of two major groups – plants or animals. Using physical characteristics organisms are further broken down into subcategories. As you work down the key you finally at to genus and species which is the scientific name. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
animals without backbones
worms, snails and arthropods (insects, spiders, mites, and their relatives) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| means jointed foot and is one of the largest groups in the animal kingdom. It includes insects, spiders, centipedes, sowbugs, crabs, ticks, shrimp and lobsters. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insect body is made up of? |
|
Definition
| outer skin an exoskeleton, segmented bodies, head, thorax, abdomen, 3 pairs of legs, 2 pairs of wings |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Specialized for feeding & sensing
Made up of a cranium containing the:
Mouthparts
Antennae
Eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most distinctive features
Labrum - upper lip
Mandibles - jaw
Maxillae - second jaw
Chewing insects have stronger features
Piercing insects have modified features
chewing features or piercing features |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Made of 3 distinct segments
Each segments contains a pair of legs
Wings
Most common membranous
Some hard shell
Some with scales |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Ex. Lady beetle, cucumber beetle
Largest order
n2 pair of wings
nFront pair a hard shell
nChewing mouthparts
nImmature stage grub like
nComplete metamorphosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chewing mouthparts
Elongated bodies with a prominent pincher
Incomplete metamorphosis (3 stages)
Attack flowers and vegetables
Ex. earwings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nPiercing sucking mouthparts
nFour wings folded flat
nGradual metamorphosis
True bugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nPiercing sucking mouthparts
n2 pairs of wings
nGradual metamorphosis
Ex. Aphids, mealybug, scale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adults have two part transparent wings
Complete metamorphosis (4 stages)
Are not plant pest
Important for pollination or as parasities
Ex. Bees and wasp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adults coil siphoning mouthparts
nImmature stage chewing
n4 wings covered with scales
nComplete metamorphosis
nEx butterflies and moths |
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Term
|
Definition
Chewing
n2 pairs of wings folded back when not used
n1 generation a year, over winters as egg
nGradual metamorphosis
Ex. Grasshoppers, crickets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tint elongated insects w/ 2 pair wings
nSucking rasping mouthparts
nLife cycle
nEggs, 4 instar
nActively feed in first 2 instars
nFinal instar resting usually in soil
Ex. Thrip |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Most damage to plants is from feeding
•Extend of damage depends on population size
•In landscaping most are just bothersome
•In greenhouse they cause more damage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large mouth pieces
•Chew off the plant parts
•Usually aggressive eaters
•Ex. - beetles, caterpillars, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Needlelike nose
•Suck out plants juices
•Damage may not show for awhile
•Ex. Aphid, mealybug, scale |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| complete or incomplete metamorphosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Egg to larvae to adult
–Many larval stages cause damage. Ex. Caterpillars
–Insects don’t each during the pupal stage and is difficult to control at this stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Egg to nymph to adult
•Damage can be at all stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Observation
•Sticky traps
•Branch betting
•Traps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The use of predators, parasites and pathogens for control
•Classical use in the release of natural enemies
–Pathogens (Bacillus)
–Parasites (flies of wasp eggs)
–Predators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Birds and mammals
•Spiders
•Mites
Lacewings
Pirate and assassin bugs
Lady beetles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quick but temporary reduction, some pests develop resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Soaps - low toxicity
•Oils - smothers insects
•Botanicals - derived from plants
•Pyrethroids - synthesized from petroleum
•Inorganic- salts, sulfur
•Synthetics - most dangerous |
|
|
Term
| Caterpillars(Lepidoptera) |
|
Definition
Larval stage of moths and butterflies
•Some types fold or roll leaves
•Most are voracious eaters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Not true flies
•Eggs are laid in foliage
•Larvae feed on the shoots or needles
•Some mine or chew holes
•Over winter as eggs in foliage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Only a few are pest
•Adults and larvae chew holes
•Damaged leaves may turn yellow
•Some types feed on roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Many feed on landscape plants
•Generally feed on foliage
•Larvae feed on roots
•Unless populations are high little damage is done |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Are a pest when they feed on honeydew
•Protect honeydew producing insects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small soft bodied insects
•Suck plant juices
•High populations cause leaves to yellow, curl or drop
•Can transmit viruses
•Honeydew can produce sooty mold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sometimes called jumping plant lice
•Feeds only on one species
•Sucks plant juices
•Reduces growth or can distort
•Some cause galls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pests primarily in greenhouses
•Sucking insects
•Honeydew attracts ants
•Eggs are laid on the underside |
|
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Term
|
Definition
White cottony outside
•Congregate in large numbers
•Slow plant growth
•Produce honeydew
•Wingless and limited movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Common damaging pest
•Small and immobile
•Sucking plant juices
•Appear water stressed, yellow leaves, or may drop
•Honeydew causes problems
•Eggs are under the female cover |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Suck the juice from plants
•Causes to appear stippled, pale or brown
•Found on underside of leaf
•Eggs inserted in plant tissue
•Overwinter as eggs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Feed on tissue surface by sucking
•Can stunt or distort growth
•Can cause dead spots
•Lay eggs within leaf tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Distorted, sometimes colorful swelling cause by insects
•Most galls are not harmful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
moths (Lepidoptera) and flies (Diptera), though some beetles and wasps also exhibit this behavior.
Feed on inside of leaf
•Cause off color patches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Are arachnids, like spiders and have a similar life cycle
•Common in landscapes
•Go unnoticed because they are tiny
•See damage before you see the pest
•Leaves appear flecked |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Feed on many plants
•Chew irregular holes
•Primarily attack seedlings and herbaceous plants
•Prefer damp cool environments
•Generally active during evening hours and hide in shade during the day |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
|
Definition
approves or register’s
the product |
|
|
Term
| California Department of Pesticide Regulations (DPR) |
|
Definition
register’s the product in
California |
|
|
Term
| County Agriculture Commissioner |
|
Definition
enforces the DPR regulations at the local
level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The State Legislature writes pesticide laws. These give authority to DPR to write pesticide regulations. Regulations are written by DPR, they make the laws specific. |
|
|
Term
| In California, agricultural use includes everything but: |
|
Definition
Home use pest control – around residences
Structural pest control – companies for hire that control home and business pest
Industrial pest control – warehouse and sheds
Institutional pest control – schools, offices, hospitals |
|
|
Term
| “Agricultural use” license |
|
Definition
| These business sell pesticides for agricultural use, sells devices for pest control, does recommendations and sells restricted pesticides. |
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Term
|
Definition
Pesticides are products that control, prevent, or repel pests or mitigate the problem caused.
A pesticide can be organic or inorganic.
Plant defoliants and plant growth regulators are also controlled under pesticide laws. |
|
|
Term
| Qualified Applicators license (QAL) |
|
Definition
| This is for individuals that apply pesticides “for hire”. Some examples: pest control companies, landscape maintenance companies, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Qualified Applicators Certificate (QAC) |
|
Definition
| This is for individuals who conduct pest control that is “not for hire”. Examples: schools districts, government, golf courses and nurseries. |
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Term
| Pest Control Advisor (PCA) |
|
Definition
| This individual make recommendation of the type and amount of pesticide to use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are inspected at least once a year and can be inspected more then once. Plants shiped from one county to another are inspected and must be marked as inspected. If a plant shipment enters a county without inspection notice the company getting the plants MUST can the county for inspection. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| drive around and check on landscapers to make sure that they have a valid spray license as well as are following application laws. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maintenance Gardener Pest Control Business License and
–Qualified Applicator License
Agricultural Pest Control Adviser (PCA)
–Makes recommendations for pest application
–Must have a Bachelor’s degree in an Agricultural field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Criminal
–Misdemeanor
–$500 - 5000 fine or
–10 days to 6 months in jail or
–Both per violation
Civil
–$1000 - 10,000 for each violation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of organisms, the mode of action, the class of chemical, the source of material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is controlled; insecticide for insect, miticide for mites, herbicide for weeds, fungicide for disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does it kill on contact or as a systemic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the type of chemical used, carbamate, organophosphate, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is it inorganic or synthetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Caution (category 3) least toxic
–Warning (category 2)
–Danger (category 1) need a special permit and are the most toxic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| #1 need a special permit and are the most toxic |
|
|
Term
| Toxicity is assessed through several means |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The amount of a pesticide that will kill half of test group
The smaller the LD50 the more toxic
Expressed in milligrams of pesticide per kilogram of body weight
Lethal dose does not provide information on long-term effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disease diagnosis can be difficult
Symptoms of different diseases may be similar or hidden by insect damage
Symptoms develop over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| haet and or moisture, most diseases develop around watering, CONTROL YOUR WATERING |
|
|
Term
| another problem with diseases |
|
Definition
| they can easily be transferred from plant to plant, tools to plants, and containers to plants. Good sanitation goes a long way in controlling diseases. Disinfect your tools (10% bleach is a common one), do not leave trash around, old soil, etc laying around, dirty pots, you need to clean things up. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microorganisms that cause diseases are called pathogens
Many pathogens are beneficial
»They kill pests
»Feed on dead organic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cause many different symptoms
»Leaf spot,
»Flower spot
»Leaf curl,
»Dieback and Wilt
»Root rot
»Curled leaves
Some are visible - Rust, mildew, and molds
Fungi are usually composed of fine threadlike structures (Hyphae)
Some are on foliage, some in the soil
Require warm moist conditions |
|
|
Term
| fungal diseases spread by |
|
Definition
Rhiromorphs - rootlike masses of hyphae
Sclerotia - compact masses of hyphae
Spores - seed like structures
Can be spread by wind, water, insects, equipment |
|
|
Term
| basic control strategies for fungal diseases |
|
Definition
Proper planting techniques; root rot caused by fungi are often caused in poor draining soils.
Proper irrigation
Prune and dispose of infected plant parts
Fungicides are mainly prevented. |
|
|
Term
| important fungal diseases |
|
Definition
Dutch elm disease
Fusarium blight
Fusarium batch
Leaf spot
Powdery mildew
Pythium blight
Rust
Scab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microscopic one celled organisms that feed on plants
Symptoms - shoot blight, leaf spot, soft rot, scabs, wilts
Require warmth and moisture
Must remain in contact with the host to survive
They are commonly spread by splashing water |
|
|
Term
| bacterial disease common symtpoms |
|
Definition
Leaf spots
Stem dieback
Cankers
Scabs
Wilting
Galls |
|
|
Term
| Basic control strategies for bacterial diseases |
|
Definition
Avoid overhead irrigation or sprinklers that cause splashing
Prune and dispose of infected plants
Disinfect pruning equipment used to prune infected plants
There are very few fungicides to control them. |
|
|
Term
| Important Bacterial Diseases |
|
Definition
Fire blight
Bacterial Blight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Submicroscopic particles that can infect plants and can not be seen with an ordinary microscope
Symptoms - discoloring, stunting, deformation
Viruses rarely kill woody plants
Require a living host and must be in contact
Spread by insects, splashing water or soil
No chemical control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diseases involve a complex interaction among the host plant, pathogen and environment
Causes by:
»Humidity
»Temperature
»And plant stresses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Regular monitor of the environment
Check plants weekly for symptoms
Do not rely on a single symptom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
By water methods
Infected plants
Insects
Tools, pots, soil etc
Hands
Air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Resistant varieties
Quality plant material
Proper care
Pruning
Sanitation
Chemical |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms on Leaves and Stems |
|
Definition
Many pathogens cause damage to leaves, twigs or stems
Some are aesthetically displeasing
Wilt and root diseases can cause death
It is important to identify the cause of the symptom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Use a combination of methods
Exclusion
Cultural
Sanitation
Environmental
Chemical
the best control is good air circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Verticillium wilt, Cankers, Bacterial Blight, Rust, Dutch Elm Disease, Fireblight, Leaf Spot, Shot Hole, Anthracnose |
|
|
Term
| Nursery and Landscape Diseases |
|
Definition
| Powdery Mildew, Root and Crown Diseases, Gray Mold, Sooty Mold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Often called leaf, shoot, bud or twig blight
Commonly limited spots or dead area on leaf
Does not cause serious harm
Twigs and branches can die back
Regrowth from dieback can give gnarled appearance
Small tan, brown, or black spots on leaves fungi overwinter in lesions
Spores are produced in the spring and spread with rain or water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Avoid planting susceptible species
»Platanus (Sycamore)
»Ash Birch
»Oak Walnut
Prune out and dispose of infected twigs during fall or winter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Affects Prunus species
Causes discolor spots on buds and leaves
Holes appear in leaves and may fall prematurely
Appears in spring as red, purple or brown spots on new growth
As spots expand their centers turn brown
Center falls out as leaves grow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prune out infected tissue
Avoid overhead watering
Copper sprays in winter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cause round, angular, sunken or irregular spots on older leaves
Effects
»Popular azalea
»Rose family
Avoid overhead watering
Prune affected areas
Remove dead leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A bacterial disease
Attacks rose family, pome tribe
Causes a sudden wilting, shriveling and blackening
Spreads rapidly giving a scorched look
Serious infections can kill the plant
Infects new growth through flowers
Spreads by insects and bees
Overwinters in plant tissue
Control by pruning
Or light copper spray on flowers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Appears in part of the tree
Causes yellow or wilting foliage
Spread by elm bark beetle
Can also spread by roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maintain a healthy tree
Provide water during drought
Prune only in fall and winter
Remove elm wood
Plant resistant species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Infects many different host
Parasitic fungi
Spread by wind and water. It can also be spread by lawnmowers that have mowed a lawn with rust and then mow another lawn before cleaning the mower. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Damage varies by host and strain
Most common symptom lesions that ooze
Can cause flowers to shrivel
Prune out infected branches
Do not overhead irrigate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A sunken area containing dead tissue
Caused by injuries, sunscald or disease microorganisms
Plant resistant plants
Prune out dead and dying branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Common host
»Ash chinese pistache
»Fuchsia maple
»Olive pepper tree
Affects the vascular system
Cause foliage to fade and wilt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Infects roots and works up the stem
Control by
»Healthy plants
»Prune out dead wood
»Soil solarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Attacks new buds and growth
Infected leaves could drop
Leaves and shoots may become distorted and discolored
May develop on any plant tissue |
|
|
Term
| Powdery Mildew Life Cycle |
|
Definition
Require living plant tissue to grow
Spreads as windblown spores
Survives only on plant material
Over winters on fallen leaves |
|
|
Term
| Powdery Mildew Management |
|
Definition
Plant resistant varieties
Plant in sun
Give air circulation
Prune out infected material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Because the disease attacks the root other parts will also be damaged
Major cause over watering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Botrytis
Fuzzy gray or brown spores
Caused by high moisture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fungi that grow on insect honeydew
Generally harmless
Wash off plant
Control insects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rootlike masses of hyphae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fine threadlike structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants need appropriate nutrients, air, water, light and temperatures. poor cultural practices can lead to pest problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high moisture content and high temperature makes an ideasl breeding grounds for bugs and diseases |
|
|
Term
| growing healthy landscapes |
|
Definition
| select appropriate plant is important, monitor the light, water, fertilizer and other conditions, IPM is designed to develop healthy plants that tolerate pests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people modify the landscape and environment, water systems, amending soils and changing soil grade, adding fertilizers and mulches |
|
|
Term
| plant development and seasonal growth |
|
Definition
| plants exhibit seasonal growth, all plants have seasons of growth and rest, timing of nutrients can cause problems with growth, moisture and nutrients need to match the changing season, pruning also needs to fit the growth cycle |
|
|
Term
| designing a pest tolerant landscape |
|
Definition
| design to provide an optima environment for the plants, select plants FOR THE AREA, check for available space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Healthy roots are needed for good growth
Above ground damage may be a root problem
Over-watered
Cut - digging around some plants is not good for them. Camellias are an example
Crushed - driving cars and trucks over root systems. Driving to close to a ceder and kill the tree.
Smothered
Roots are often neglected
90% of the roots are in the first 3 feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sun/shade
Water
Soil
Heat/cold
Pest resistance
Select healthy plants
Plants poorly adapted to conditions are prone to problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prepare the site
Select healthy plants
Plant properly
Stake as needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Water
One of the biggest problems
Seasonal timing can help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fertilize as needed
Avoid over-fertilizing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prune to maintain plant health
Over-pruning can lead to pest problems. This includes hedging and heavy cutting back/topping trees. Every 5-10 years the trees in Lincoln Center are replaced from what looks like over pruning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abiotic Disorders - these are usually man made problems
Cars
Maintenance equipment
Animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Improper irrigation is probably the most common cause of plant damage.
Determining the frequency is the biggest problem
Soil types
Watering methods
Testing for moisture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dry crispy brown leaves - usually not enough
Moist slimy brown/black leaves - usually to much
Wilting
Discoloring
Premature leave drop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inspect sprinklers systems on a regular bases
Test for moisture depth - probe
Set sprinklers for correct needed water - cans
Tensiometer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inspect plants for water
Soil probe
Weight
Observations
Watering methods
Hand
Overhead
Sub-irrigation
Drip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The quality of water can effect both landscape and greenhouse
Salts need to be monitored
EC test
pH test
Salts collect near the surface
High salts can limit water uptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Very common both outdoors & in greenhouse
Main problems
Over fertilize
Under fertilize
Selected plants missing nutrients
Excess salts |
|
|
Term
| General Nutrient Problem Signs |
|
Definition
Smaller leaves
Stretching of stems
Discolor
Burn - usually lawns
The most common element problem. Nitrogen - on all plants. Landscaping Iron and Zinc
Greenhouse crops problems - Micronutrients and Phosphorus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
More of a problem with outdoor plants
Sunburn
Excess or deficient light
Loss of color
Spindly shoots
Foliage plants are compact under high light - stretch in low light of homes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Greenhouse
Growing at wrong temperature
Day and night difference
Damage may not show until plant warms up
Landscape
Frost and freeze
Growing tender plants
Protection of young plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Greenhouse
Weed free
Provide aeration and moisture
pH
Can limit fertilizer
Plant may need a selected range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Drifts - herbicides, insecticides, etc.
Too strong of pesticide
Toxic to a type of chemical
Reducing the Problem
Minimize the number of sprays
FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS
Keep spray tank well mixed
Do not spray stressed crops if possible
Use separate spray tanks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stretching due to closeness
Lower leaves can be shaded and drop
Less plant mass
Lack of air flow increases diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
More problem with outdoor plants
Not much you can due but stop growing the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Read the Label
Use appropriate safety equipment
Use appropriate application equipment
Mix pesticides properly
Clean any spills
Dispose of containers properly |
|
|
Term
| Applicator responsibilities |
|
Definition
Use only equipment in good condition
Perform all tasks carefully and safely
Use appropriate equipment
Use precautions to protect the environment
Be in possession of labels, MSDS and license
Avoid water contamination
Prevent pesticide drift
Thoroughly clean pest control equipment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Many decisions go into pesticide use including
What type of pest?
Are we at the threshold level?
What pesticides are available for my problem?
What about public safety?
Environmental concerns
Effectiveness of the pesticide and program
Cost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spraying of weeds is probably the most common use.
Insects are usually selectively treated. Example you might spray a rose bush or a few plants for aphids. How many of you have trees with scale in it, but you never spray? How often do you go out and spray for insects?
Diseases are most likely the least sprayed for.
If you really look at landscape spraying it is weeds and then anything that might be a lawn problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Retail nurseries, small ones just throw out plants that are big problems. Larger nurseries might have a “hospital area” that might have some use, but usually not because not one has a spray license.
Wholesale nurseries are a whole different thing. Again weed control is big but diseases and insects are watched more. If a greenhouse is involved there is usually monthly insect sprayings.
The biggest area of pesticide contact with the general public would be weed control. This is because of landscaping, public parks and schools. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Each person who controls the use of the pesticide is responsible for the storage.
Store only in original labeled container
Do not store near food or water
Store in a well ventilated area
Store in a locked area
Post and label all storage containers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Do not carry pesticides in the passenger compartment
Do not carry the pesticide in the same area as food and water
Secure so as to prevent spillage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pesticides usually enter groundwater because of over use. It can soak threw the ground, enter when applied around wells or poured out onto the ground. |
|
|
Term
| How do people get exposed? |
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Definition
| Pesticides enter the body through skin exposure (dermal), oral (mouth) respiratory (lungs) or ocular (eyes). Skin is the most common method and oral is rare. Skin would be direct contact with the pesticide or through cloths that got sprayed. Oral would have to be eaten or drank, while respiratory would be form drift or spraying without protection. |
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Term
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Definition
| good for small to medium outdoor areas. Some have adjustable nozzles. Connects to a hose and is sprayed on, make sure there is some type of backflow so you do not pollute the drinking water. |
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Term
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Definition
| good for very small jobs and interior use. Uses small amounts. Make sure you check the nozzle with water before mixing. |
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Term
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Definition
| small tanks 1-3 gallon in size. You push a pump to put pressure in the tank. Used in small outdoor areas and yards. |
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Term
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Definition
| basically the small as compressed air but a larger tank that is carried on the back. |
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Definition
| these are large tanks, 5 –100 gallon that use a pump to give you the pressure. For large areas, golf course, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cloth that is on a handle that contains chemicals. Commonly used for weed control. No drift problems. |
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Term
| Hand crank spreader(for dry material) |
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Definition
| these can be small (1-2 lbs of material) or large (2 lbs plus of material) in size. The large units usually strap to the operators chest. These units can be very inaccurate because of the operator. Walk fast then slow, turn fast then slow, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| these are commonly used on lawns and are more precise then hand cranks. They also have there problems; skips, excessive overlap, and clogging. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the same as a drop spreader but is pulled by a tractor. Used for large areas. |
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