Term
| Energy is made available, and living substances are produced how? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the oxidative breakdown of moleuces , what is the buliding up via reduction? |
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Definition
| Catabolism yield energy, Anabolism --buliding up, require energy |
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Term
| Electron tranfer as seen in the ETC is what type of reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| A molecule rearranges to form an isomer of itself is what type of reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| The breakdown of a structure by the addition of water |
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Definition
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Term
| In what three ways are metabolic reactions regulated? |
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Definition
Amount of enzymes
The Enzymes catalytic activity
Accessibility of substrates (compartmentalization separates reactions) |
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Term
| Covalent modifications, feedback inhibition, allosteric control, and ratio of ATP/ADP regulate metabolic reactions by changing? |
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Definition
| Theses process affect Enzymes Catalytic Activity |
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Term
| A thermodynamically unfavorable reaction can driven by a favorable reaction as long as the sum of reactions is? |
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Definition
| exothermic -- (-) delta G |
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Term
| What is an example of a transient carrier molecule and an immediate donor of free energy? |
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Definition
ATP -- carries phophates
- atp captures, transiently stores and transfers energy to perform work what is retain within its (2 phosphoanhydride) chemical bonds |
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Term
| Other examples of carriers molecules |
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Definition
NADH, NADPH,
FADH2, COenzyme A |
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Term
| A carrier molecule that carriers glucose? |
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Definition
| Uridine Diphosphate Glucose |
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Term
| What type of bond is a phosphoanhdride bond and how is it formed? |
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Definition
| It is a covalent bond and it is formed in a dehydration reaction |
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Term
| What of the following doesn't serve as a storage of free energy? |
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Definition
| ATP does NOT STORE free energy -- donates and recycles |
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Term
| oxidation of fuel molecules and photosynthesis yeild? |
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Definition
| ADP-->ATP -- energy yielding reactions |
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Term
| Motion, active transport, biosynthesis and signal amplification require? |
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Definition
| Energy in the form of ATP --> ADP |
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Term
| The conversion of ATP to ADP releases how much energy? |
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Definition
(-)7.3 kCal/mol
** this is how unfavorable reactions are sustained, via coupling with atp hydrolysis |
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Term
| When a reaction is favored so are the? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which carrier of phosphate has the highest group transfer potential? |
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Definition
| Phosphoenolpyruvate (glycolysis) |
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Term
| the transfer of a functional group(ie phosphate) from one molecule to another is what type of chemical reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| High energy compounds release at least how much energy? |
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Definition
| At least - 8 kCal/mol (delta G) |
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Term
| What compound stores the least amount of energy within its bonds? |
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Definition
| G-3-P -- glycerol 3 phosphate (glycolysis) next is G-6-P |
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Term
| An example of a thermodynamic intermediate that accepts phosphates? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the breakdown of glucose, which molecule is responsibile for fueling ADP with a phosphoryl group? |
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Definition
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Term
| Another high energy storage molecule (>-8) acts as the phophoryl reservoir in muslce? |
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Definition
| creatine phosphate - will transfer to ADP via creatine KINASE |
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Term
| What vitamin precursor is CoEnzyme A derived? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the activated molecules associated with the oxidation of glucose and fatty acid fuels that carry electrons and from where are they derived? |
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Definition
NADH/NADPH -- Niacin -B3 -- pyridine dinucleotide
FADH2 ---Riboflavin --B2 --
the associated vitamens are water soluble |
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Term
| The aerobic conditions the ultimate electron acceptor is |
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Definition
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Term
| How many electrons does NAD+ accept, how many hydrogens? |
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Definition
NAD+ accepts 2 electrons, and 1 hydrogen
froming NADH -- its reduced state
-- the nicatinamide ring contains the reactive site |
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Term
| what is the derivative of riboflavin that accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions? |
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Definition
| FADH2 -- reduced form (reactive site on isoalloxazine ring) |
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Term
| Adenine, D-ribose and phosphoanhydrive bonds are found where? |
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Definition
ATP --- yes 2 phospho bonds in ATP one in ADP --- BUT also in NAD+ and FAD
these are related and conspicuous this way. THEY SHARE the ADP structure |
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Term
| what is the electron donor in reductive biosynthesis that PROVIDES ATP and reducing power? |
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Definition
NADPH -- photosynthesis -- also in body -- again "ADP" within structure
Provide |
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Term
| What is the carrier that has high acyl/acetyl group transfer potentinal, and a reactive sulfhydryl group |
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Definition
| Coenzyme A -- acyl group -- thioester bond |
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Term
| what is the goal of digestion ? |
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Definition
| ultimately to produce ATP, but first small food molecules are converted to Acetyl CoA before ATP is formed |
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Term
| Atp is produced from glycolysis (cytosol) and the krebs cycle (matix mito) by |
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Definition
Substrate level phosphorylation
- a majority of ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation of ETC |
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Term
| what are the two products of glycolysis that are broken down from from glucose-6-phosphate |
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Definition
2 - 3 carbon pyruvate molecules
**happens in the cytosol |
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Term
| what molecule has been created from glucose requiring an initial investment of 2 ATP (creates 2) |
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Definition
| 2 --PGAL = G-3-P = Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate |
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Term
| In glycolysis -- 2 PGAL will be metabolized to pyruvate producing what along the way? |
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Definition
| 2 NADH and 4 ATP -- so NET of Glycolysis is 2 - ATP 2 - NADH and 2 Pyruvates |
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Term
| The first irreversible step of glucose, feeding the glycolytic pathway is catalyzed by what enzyme? |
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Definition
Hexokinase -requires ATP-- phosphorlyates Glucose - G-6-P
**liver form of hexokinase is glucokinase |
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Term
| High levels of what molecule with inhibit hexokinase? |
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Definition
| Glucose 6 phosphate -- intermediate of glycolysis, glyconeogenesis, and glucose metabolism in liver |
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Term
| High glucose levels drives this pathway -- the storage of glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| what enzyme is essential to maintaining bodies blood glucose |
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Definition
| G-6-PhophatASE mainly found in liver |
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Term
| What is the most important, 2nd irrevesible, and 1st Committed step in glycolysis? what enzyme is required? |
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Definition
the production of --Fructose 1,6 biphosphate
requires -- Phosphofructokinase 1 |
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Term
| What is the rate-limiting enzyme of the glycolytic pathway? what inhibits and what activates this enzyme? |
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Definition
Phosphofructokinase-1
ATP inhibits (glycolysis will produce ATP, so high levels turn it off)
AMP activates (cellular need of ATP is indicated by high levels of AMP so turn on glycolysis) |
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Term
| What enzyme is response for the rearranging of two ADP + ADP --> ATP + AMP |
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Definition
| Adenylate Kinase -- more AMP stimulates phosphofructokinase |
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Term
| Integration (think equilibrium) -- if ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase, a increase of F-6-phosphate occurs. which is formed by an isomeration of G-6-P. Thus G-6-P concentration increases. When this happens what enzyme is inhibited? |
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Definition
| Hexokinase -- inhibited by high levels of specifically G-6-P |
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Term
| Hexokinase is inhibited by hi levels of G-6-P ? why would this happen |
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Definition
| This happens when hi levels of ATP inhibit Phosphofructokinase |
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Term
| What enzyme is responsible, and/or what type of reation for forming 2 PGAL =glceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
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Definition
| Triose Phosphate isomerase --- Isomerisation forms 2, this is how everything becomes doubled from 1 molecule of glucose |
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Term
| Whats is the first reaction that energy is conserved? |
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Definition
| when G-3-P under the presence of G-3-P dehydrogenase generates NADH -- |
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Term
| The transfer of a phosphate to ADP is termed? |
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Definition
| Substrate level phosphorylation -- |
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Term
| where is the highest energy phosphate bond in glycolysis found? |
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Definition
| Phosphoenolpyruvate (2 molecules formed) |
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Term
| The 3rd irreversible step that converts phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate is supported by what enzyme? |
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Definition
| Pyruvate Kinase - 2 more ATP formed |
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Term
| What activates pyruvate kinase ? |
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Definition
| Hi levels of Fructose 1,6 Bi = Hi blood glucose levels, therefore Hi insulin levels -- lets get rid of glucose and make ATP this way |
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Term
| What inactivates pyruvate kinase? |
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Definition
| Hi levels of ATP; Hi Alanine -- no need to make more ATP so stop glycolysis |
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Term
| When is pyruvate kinase in its active state? |
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Definition
When pyruvate kinase is dephosphorylated it is active -- (hi blood glucose)
Phosphorylated pyruvate kinase is less active |
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Term
| what are the three enzymes that controll the irrevesible steps? |
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Definition
| hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase |
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Term
| What pathway is responsible for the synthesis of glucose from non-carb precursos? |
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Definition
Gluconeogenesis -- happens in lievr and cytoplasm
not a reversal of glycolysis |
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Term
| Gluconeogensis maintains blood glucose during starvation, what precursors are used? |
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Definition
| lactate, amino acids, glycerol |
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Term
| Why is gluconeogenesis not a reversal of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| It bypasses the irreversible steps of glycolysis with new steps |
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Term
| What conversion of pyruvate into oxaloacetate occurs where? |
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Definition
| in the mitochondria matrix, via pyruvate carboxylase -- |
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Term
| Oxaloacetate can form phosphoenolpyruvate too, where does this occur? |
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Definition
| in the cytosol -- via PEP carboxykinase utilizing GTP --seems irreversible |
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Term
| What part of gluconeogenesis is the same as the reversal of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| from PEP to Fructose-1.6-Bisphophate |
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Term
| in gluconeogenesis, what is the analogous enzyme of phosphofructokinase in glycolysis - |
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Definition
| Fructose-1-6-biphosphatase -- irreversible, F-1-6-bis--> F-6-phosphate |
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Term
| what enzyme generates glucose and is found only in the liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| Summary -- Gluconeogensis and glycolysis are reciprocally regulated |
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Definition
| Glycolysis is tightly controlled, energy yield pathway. --- Glucose can be synthesized from non-carb precursors (gluconeogensis) |
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