commoner but farely well off. father wanted him to become a lawyer, but he didn't want to. father often times would quote the "obey you father and your mother. but luther would say that he is within God's will so it is acceptable.

1. Martin Luther 3

wrote the 95 thesis

believed that indulgences were false

believed that a person was saved through grace and faith, not by good works. the law does not save a person.

repentance from the law, faith from the promise.

Soul justified by faith alone.

Christians should do good works.

95 thesis

Luther wrote after seeing the horrors of Rome.

It criticized the practice of indulgence salvation (paying your way out of pergatory, made money for pope). Luther said that pope had no authority to offer indulgences.

-What: the price of grain quadruples, lots of cheap labor, wages double, purchasing power cut in half

 -When:

 -Why Significant: Rural producers sell surplus and ge more money, urban consumers are hit hard because of the inflation in money and others have less money to buy what they produce

Anabaptists

They were radical reformist who stuck strictly to scripture. they were strict about the infant baptism laws.they rebaptized adults who had been baptized as children. Therefore,they tried to stick strictly to the examples set for them in the gospel.

-what: would only baptize adults who believe

            -when:

            -why: Counter Culture and Persecution: following their own culture led to a threat to society because they refused to take oaths to society

when: 1534-1535

            -what: Anabaptists take over Munster in 1534. One of the Dutch leaders john of Leyden establishes himself as new leader and calls Munster the new Jerusalem. He a_ initiates polygamy b)called himself the real Messiah c) killed anyone who contradicted him.

            -Why: the Sieger of Munster, Spring of 1535: Falls to Luther; John is tortured; Menno Simmons: Dutch leader of the Anabaptists, Anabaptists then known as Mennonites; question of control

One of the prominent reformation leaders. Had similiar views to Luther about being justified by faith alone. Started calvonism.

-when: 1509-1564

            -what: early fan of reform of church; Flight to Busel (1533): after Fr. Gov’t is hostile (persecution) he flees to Basel where he writes “Institutes of the Christian Religion”, which makes a name for him; Geneva needs a reformer

            Calvin’s Theology: TULIP

                        Total Depravity of Man: original sin, man is damned by nature

                        Unconditional Election: God chooses who is saved and damned

                        Limited Atonement: Christ didn’t come for everybody, only the elect; not everyone gets atonement, no one is equal

                        Irresistible Grace: Can only reach God if the holy spirit regenerates your heart and that will convert you and you can’t resist it

                        Perseverance of the Saints

            -Why: spread of Calvinism: people fleeing from Fr. To Geneva (larger immigrant pop. Than natives). Geneva: center of printing: printed Calvinist tracks, which was smuggled to Italy, Fr., Ger, Poland, and Hungary; but mainly a Christian minority

-when: 1491-1556

            -what: a religious leader during the Counter-Reformation. Loyola's devotion to the Catholic Church was characterized by unquestioning obedience to the Catholic Church's authority and hierarchy.^[3]

                -why:  beatified by Pope Paul V in 1609 and canonized by Pope Gregory XV in 1622, and declared patron of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922. Ignatius' feast day is celebrated on July 31. Ignatius is a foremost patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, and the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay.^[4]

when: r. 1519-1556

            -what: inheritance of Charles V: Charles ruler of 40% of rural and western Europe. People saw this as God’s work. There is a threat to the East so it must be God’s plan to have Europe unifried from the ottomans who are threatening Christendom

When: Oct. 7, 1571

            -what: a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Spain (including its territories of Naples,Sicily and Sardinia), the Republic of Venice, the Papacy, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller and others, decisively defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire.

            -why: The Victory of the Holy League prevented the Mediterranean Sea from becoming an uncontested highway for Muslim forces, protected Italy from a major Ottoman invasion, and prevented the Ottomans from advancing further into the southern flank of Europe. Lepanto was the last major naval battle fought almost entirely between oar-powered galleys, and has been assigned great symbolic importance since then.

-when: April 13^, 1598

            -what:  by Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known asHuguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. 

            -why:  The main concern was civil unity.^[1] and the Edict separated civil from religious unity, treated some Protestants for the first time as more than mere schismatics and heretics, and opened a path for secularism and tolerance. 

-what: the Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1588, with the intention of overthrowing Elizabeth I of England to stop English involvement in the Spanish Netherlands and English privateering in the Atlantic. The fleet's mission was to sail to the Gravelines in Flanders and transport an army under the Duke of Parma across the Channel to England. The mission eventually failed due to early English attacks on the Armada, especially during the Battle of Gravelines, strategic errors by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, and bad weather.

            -why: The campaign formed part of a nearly twenty-year-long Anglo-Spanish War.

What: Archduke of Austria;

            Why: Ferdinand made sure that the Catholic counterreformation would prevail. He was an avid collector of art and the collection of the famous Castle Ambras was started in his time. He had begun to work on it even during his time in Bohemia and subsequently moved it to Tyrol. In particular, the gallery of portraits and the collection of armor were highly expensive, which is why the archduke incurred a high level of debt. Today these collections are in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.

-When: 1618-1648

            -what: fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. Gradually, the war developed into a more general conflict involving most of the European powers.^[9][10] In this general phase, the war became more a continuation of theBourbon–Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence, and in turn led to further warfare between France and the Habsburg powers, and less specifically about religion.^[11]

                -why: Armies were expected to be largely self-funding from loot taken or tribute extorted from the settlements where they operated. This encouraged a form of lawlessness that imposed often severe hardship on inhabitants of the occupied territory. Some of the quarrels that provoked the war went unresolved for a much longer time. The Thirty Years' War was ended with the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, part of the wider Peace of Westphalia.

He had 2 clear goals in 30 year war:

1) Restore Royal Power in France.

2) Break Hopsburg's stranglehold around France because they were beginning to control a great deal of land.

-when: consecrated a bishop in 1608

            -what: often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister" or "First Minister." As a result, he is considered to be the world's firstPrime Minister, in the modern sense of the term. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and to ensure French dominance in the Thirty Years War. Although he was a cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestantrulers in attempting to achieve this goal. 

            -why: Because he openly aligned France with Protestant powers, Richelieu was denounced by many as a traitor to the Roman Catholic Church. Richelieu was instrumental in redirecting the 30 Years' War from the conflict of Protestantism versus Catholicism to that of nationalism versus Habsburg hegemony.

-when: between May and October of 1648 in Osnabruck and Munster

            -what: ended the Thirty Years war (1618-1648)

            -why: The treaties resulted from the first modern diplomatic congress, thereby initiating a new political order in central Europe, based upon the concept of a sovereign state governed by a sovereign. In the event, the treaties’ regulations became integral to the constitutional law of the Holy Roman Empire.

-when: September 25, 1555

            -what:  a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes,

            -why: It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace established the principle Cuius regio, eius religio, which allowed German princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the independence they had over their states.

-when: r. 1509-1547

            -what: The Act of Supremacy (1534): Henry issued this which stated that the head of England was the King, not the Pope; appoints new arch-bishop, Thomas Cramner, who grants him the divorce

            -why: spreads Protestantism even though Henry was not Lutheran

- any one of several institutions which fought against heretics (or other offenders against canon law) within the justice-system of the Roman Catholic Church.

He was one of the leaders of the new modern army.

He remains head of the army until after the war. He becomes a military dictator.

-Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.

     -a wondrous place

            ~eat as much, don’t have to work (heaven on earth; fountains of milk & wine)

            ~bread never appears in pictures (b/c always have in daily life)

     -fantasy for what ppl don’t have:  food & leisure

            ~society:   hungry & too much work

     -background info:

            ~Switzerland priest;  questions clerical celibacy (God not say, can church demand; fasts &

                holidays);  eloquent speaker

     -disputations in Zurich  (from 1522)

     -“Reformed” theology & Swiss Reformation—not in scripture, it’s wrong (saints, holidays, stain glass,

           etc.)

     -dispute w/ Martin Luther over Lord’s Supper

            ~ML:  consubstantiation  (Christ in the bread & wine, literally his body & blood)

            ~Zwingli:  memorial & symbolic event, believer brings their piety & good intentions  (bread &

                  wine represent Christ’s body & blood)

     -background info:

            ~peasants taken out of land rights from land owners/lords & peasants sick of it; decide to rise b/c

                not see landlords in Bible

            ~lords take resources & charge back to peasants—peasants want rights back

     -Thomas Munster  (c. 1488 – 1525)

            ~at 1^st fan of Luther;  more radical ideas—heard about mistreatments, world will end through

                violence;  led crusade against priests & nobles, kill & take wealth & spread to poor;  organizes

                 rebellions

     -The Twelve Articles  (Apr 1525)

            ~peasants sent to lords for requesting rights

     -Luther’s attitude

            ~agree w/ peasants to some point—bring up demands but not rebel or use violence

     -Frankenhausen  (May 15, 1525)

            ~battle;  secular lords of Germany—slaughter peasants which led to oppression in empire

     -The aftermath

            ~lords—more oppressive to peasants

            ~peasants see Luther not on their side, not like him much anymore;  lords like Luther

(peasant uprising in Germany. Inspired by changes brought by the Reformation, peasants in western and southern Germany invoked divine law to demand agrarian rights and freedom from oppression by nobles and landlords. As the uprising spread, some peasant groups organized armies. Although the revolt was supported by Huldrych Zwingli and Thomas Müntzer, its condemnation by Martin Luther contributed to its defeat. Some 100,000 peasants were killed. Reprisals and increased restrictions discouraged further attempts to improve the peasants’ plight)

     -Henry VIII 2^nd daughter;  3^rd to rule, after Queen Mary (“Bloody Mary”)

     -The Doctrine of Adiaphora

            ~Bible not talk about- means not against  (figuring different matters)

     -Puritans—radicals influenced by Calvin;  get rid of fancy;  want to purify church of Eng—“go further

                        than Elizabeth’s reforms”

     -Recusants—remained Roman Catholic- Eliz should not be obeyed at all;  any rejection of Pope-

                        wrong & brings damnation;  not like middle of road approach (Eliz tried to do);  “Eliz

                        went too far”

     -Royal Supremacy

            ~Eliz head of church of Eng;  moderate Protestant;  lots of practices Bible not talk about—not

                violate anything in scripture, if ppl do what she says  (ppl can do what she says)

Shattering of mideval christisdem caused pressure from the council.Wanted to get a council together to help protect French church.

*Problem-Reformn all abuses or do we tackle the heristay of the protestants (Reform or Doctrine?)

*The Question of Justification-The doctorate must be official if they want to justify the papay.

*The Question of Residency

*After the council met, Charles waged war and crushed them.

     -Turkish threat  (before Suleiman Turks conquer Palestine & Egypt)

     -Suleiman pushes,  law reformer

     -Conquests of Sul  (aggressive conqueror of lands)

            ~Belgrade (1521)  in Serbia

            ~Rhodes (1522)—strategic dominance; hold out for Christians during Crusades, Knights of St.

                John staying there & give up w/out fight

     -Battle of Mohacs  (1526)

     -Siege of Vienna  (Sept 26 – Oct 16, 1529)

            ~everyone in Euro nervous b/c looks like Vienna will fall;  Sul had heavy infantry & advanced in

                 artillery but bad weather & overstretch supply lines cause Turks to back down & leave)

      -Advance across N. Africa  (1530s –1540s)

            ~small Islamic states—send reps to get ppl there to follow & obey Turks

            ~Emperor Charles V captures Tunis  (1535)- tries to intervene but army gets sick & dies & must

                 w/draw, Turks recapture

     -Preveza  (1538)

            ~naval battle;  West Euro fleets combine but still lose to Turks & Greece falls to Turks

            ~not look good for Christian Euro  (religion war: Islam & Christendom)

     -centralized, military organization  (background in military)

     -linked to Roman Catholic Church

            ~head of order = superior general  (goes to Pope directly)

            ~out & active against Protestants

     -3 Roles:

            (1)  Preaching in Euro—reconvert Prots & rural Catholic believers

            (2)  Tutors to Elites—not just Catholics attend, Prots too (system of colleges of humanist edu &

                                                classes)

            (3)  Advisers—to elite of Catho Euro;  confessors- administers sacraments, confess sins to, great

                                    deal of influence

     -Turks annihilates Hungary  (independent Catholic kingdom) which was buffer state btwn Turks &

        central Euro  (Hungary falls)

     -Catherine de Medici (queen)wants to pass on something of value to sons & a lines w/ Politiques

         (moderate religious settlement to stay out of civil war; support monarchy)

     -a son of Bourbon (S. France, Hugenot, Calvinist) upcoming wedding to Margaret (princess)

            ~Guise (N. France, Catholics, set up Catholic League) not allowed at wedding

            ~nobles go to Paris for wedding

            ~Guise decide to strike back & target important members of the Montmorency family (supporters

                 of monarchy, give concessions to Hugenots)

                   >spread rumor that king authorized Hugenot massacre—3,000/ 4,000 Hugos killed, nxt wk

                        another 5,000/ 6,000 killed

- “The Paper King” –needed to see all written requests 1^st, then make a decision (memos,

            documents, etc)

     -willing to lose anything, won’t compromise faith;  Catholic

     -has many holdings in Philippines & all over

     -inherited after Charles V abdicated throne (father)

     -Dutch Revolt during reign

     -Calvinist  (Palatinate—capital of Heidelberg)

     -accepted to be king of Bohemia;  elector of Palatinate  (= 4 Prot votes for emperor elections)

            ~Bohemia crucial vote

The Edict of Restitution

     -Emperor Ferdinand II

     -Prots had to give back church lands they took during Reformation  (put back in Catho hands)

     -Prots can’t do anything about it—not have man power  (emporer is military dominant)

     -king of Sweden

     -Cathos right across Baltic from Sweden;  lands in Germany—Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) crushes

         Catholic League army, Lutzen (1632) destroys Wallensteins empirial army—Gustavus dies

The big battle when the French defeated the Spanish. It was the end of the Spanish so to speak.

     -crucial, in Belgium;  French army traps Spanish army of Flanders & cut a part;  myth of Span

         invincibility crushed;  moment when Spain on decline  (armies can’t fight effectively anymore)

     -fall of Spain & rise of France

     -Maximilian’s Catholic League crushes Prots;  king of Bohemia (Fredrick V) had to flee

     -Bohemia conquered by Catho army—all concessions given to Prots are reversed

            ~Roman Catholic only  (no other religious groups allowed)

Sola Fide

faith alone, only by faith can salvation be appropriated to human beings;  becomes the central principle.

     -part of new dynasty of Stuarts in England;  son of James I of Eng;  not diplomatic, make sure rule like

        divine monarch

     -needs more $$$, turns to Parliament; they won’t give until he agrees to their Petition of Right; not

        agrees & disbands Parliament, rules w/out them for 11yrs—collects taxes illegally, dispute w/ Scot

        over bringing new bishops to Presbyterian Scotland; brings back Par to ok high taxes, they won’t do

        until Charles acknowledges rights of Englishmen; botched attempt at arresting 5 members of Par;

        leads to Eng Civil War & Charles overthrown.

written by Calvin while in exile.

extensive, systematic, and theological writings about the new reform movement which occured when they refuted the king and calling them anabaptists.Calvin believed in being saved by faith, but stressed the law also. Believed in the uniting of church and state.

     -by John Calvin

     -early, short edition in 1536

     -later, longer edition in 1555

     - John Calvin’s masterpiece, a summary of biblical theology that became the normative statement of the Reformed faith. It

        was first published in 1536 and was revised and enlarged by Calvin in several editions before the definitive edition was

        published in 1559.

        The first edition, written in Latin and published in Basel, where Calvin was in exile, included a dedication to the French

        king Francis I. Calvin intended his work to be a statement of French Protestant beliefs that would refute the king, who was

        persecuting French Protestants and incorrectly calling them Anabaptists (radical Reformers who wished to separate the

        church from the state). It consisted of six chapters that discussed the Ten Commandments, the Apostles’ Creed, the Lord’s

        Prayer, the sacraments of Baptism and the Lord’s Supper, disputed sacraments, and Christian liberty. Most of the themes of

        Calvin’s mature thought were contained in the first edition.

        The first French edition, prepared by Calvin and published in Basel in 1541, was the first great work in argumentative

        French prose. It influenced French thought and literary style.

        The final edition, in Latin and published in Geneva in 1559, was more than four times longer than the first edition. It was

       organized into four books concerning Creator, Redeemer, Spirit, and church. The dominating themes dealt with God’s

       sovereignty, his grace, and his redemption of undeserving sinners. This edition was published in French (1560), in English

       (1561), and eventually in many other languages.

     -The opening chapter of the Institutes is perhaps the best known, in which Calvin presents the basic plan of the book. There

        are two general subjects to be examined: the creator and his creatures. Above all, the book concerns the knowledge of God

        the Creator, but "as it is in the creation of man that the divine perfections are best displayed", there is also an examination

        of what can be known about humankind. After all, it is mankind's knowledge of God and of what He requires of his

        creatures that is the primary issue of concern for a book of theology. In the first chapter, these two issues are considered

        together to show what God has to do with mankind (and other creatures) and, especially, how knowing God is connected

        with human knowledge.

        To pursue an explanation of the relationship between God and man, Calvin adopts a traditional structure of Christian

        instruction used in Western Christianity, by arranging the material according to the plan of the Apostles' Creed. First, the

        knowledge of God is considered as knowledge of the Father, the creator, provider, and sustainer. Next, it is examined how

        the Son reveals the Father, since only God is able to reveal God. The third section of the Institutes describes the work of the

        Holy Spirit, who raised Christ from the dead, and who comes from the Father and the Son to affect a union in the Church

        through faith in Jesus Christ, with God, forever. And finally, the fourth section speaks of the Christian church, and how it is

        to live out the truths of God and Scriptures, particularly through the sacraments. This section also describes the functions

        and ministries of the church, how civil government relates to religious matters, and includes a lengthy discussion of the

        deficiencies of the papacy.

     -problem of the low countries, Netherlands many convert to Calvinism; Calvinist mob run through

        destroying Brussels

     -Iconoclast Riot  (1566)—ppl break icons

     -Governorship of the Duke of Alba  (1567 – 1573)

            ~wave of blood—1^st yr- 6,000 killed;  target noble families & imposes 10 % sales tax to pay for

    occupation;  Netherlands & others rise up out of anger

     -The “Spanish Fury”  (1576)

     -Margret of Parma & Alexander Farnese

            ~must find way to put rebellion down;  get rid of taxes, courts where ppl were executed, makes

    deal w/ ppl—legal rights will be protected   (10 Cathos in, 7 Prots left out)

     -split of Belgium & Netherlands

     -Parliament vs.  King

     -lead by Fairfax & Oliver Cromwell

     -Battle of Naseby (1645)—Fairfax & Cromwell’s army crushes Royalist army & Charles

         flees to Scotland

Background material from lectures about the Reformation and the Counter Reformation-FOR ESSAY