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The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another. Has subdivisions. (tomy)- to cut (ana)- part |
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Stuctures that are large and easily observable. SEE WITH YOUR EYES
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The structures that can only be seen through a microscope NEED TO USE A MICROSCOPE
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The study of how the body and its parts work or function. Has subdivisions.
(physio)- Nature (ology)- the study of
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The subdivision of physiology that explains the workings of the nervous system |
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The subdivisions of biology that explores the topics that describe how our bodies are put together and how they work. The parts of your body form a well-organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole.
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The subdivision of physiology that studies the fuctions of the heart, which acts as a muscular pump to keep blood flowing throughout the body. |
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The simpliest level of structural compexity of the body. |
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The second level of structural complexity of the body, after the chemical level. It is tiny building blocks of matter, which combine to form molecules.
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Made from combining atoms. In forms such as water, sugar, and proteins. Associate in specific ways to form microscopic cells.
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Formed by molecules. They are the smallest units of all living things. Have wide variety in size and shape, which reflects their paritcular function in the body
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This level comes after the molecular level in the structural complexity of the body. Simplest living creatures are composed of single cells. Coplex organism lead to tissue level
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Comes after cell level in the structural complexity of the body. In more complex organisms |
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Consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function. Four basic tissue types -Epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural Each plays a definite but different role in the body
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A structure that is composed of two or more tissue and performs a specific function for the body |
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The level that is after the tissue level. At this level of organization, extremely complex functions become possible. Example: The small intestine, which digests and absorbs food, is composed of all four tissue types.
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All the body's organs are grouped so that a number of organ systems are formed. A group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose. Example: The digestive system includes the esophagus, the stomach, and the small/large intestines. Each organ has its own job to do, and by working together they keep a process going. 11 organ systems that make up living body
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Living body. The highest level of structural organization.
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The highest level ofstructural organization. Made up of many organ systems
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| List all the levels of Structural Organization. |
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-Chemical Level -atoms --> molecules -Cellular Level -cells -Tissue Level -tissues -Organ Level -organ -Organ System Level -11 systems -Oranismal Level -organism
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| Organ System (List them all) |
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-Integumentary System -Skeletal System -Muscular System -Nervous System -Endocrine System -Cardiovascular System -Lymphatic System -Respiratory System -Digestive System -Urinary System -Reproductive System
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The external covering of the body, or the skin. Temp., pressure, and pain receptors located in the skin alert us to what is happening on body surface.
Function: It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissue from injury. It excretes salts and urea in perspiration and helps regulate body temperature. sythesizes vitamin D
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Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints. Function: Supports body and provides a framework that skeletal muscles use to cause movement. Protective(skull protects brain) hematopoiesis goes on within cavities of skeleton. Hard substance on bones is a storehouse for minerals
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Formation of blood cells Is located within cavities of skeleton
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Skeletal muscles form this system. Different from the muscles of heart/other hollow organs which move fluids/substances along pathways within the body
Function: To contract/shorten This causes movement; you are able to stand erect, walk, leap, grasp, throw a ball, or smile. |
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The body's fast-acting control system. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. Responds to stimuli in/outside the body. Reponds to internal/external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands |
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The messages that sensory receptors send. electrical signals
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Controls body activity, slowly Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use(metabolism) by body cells
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The chemical molecules that endocrine glands release |
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The heart and blood vessels. Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste. The heart pumps blood
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Its organs are lympahtic vessels, lymph nodes, and others(spleen and tonsils). It picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood It disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream It also Houses white blood Cells involved in immunity.
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Consists of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
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Tube running from mouth to anus. Consists of oral cavity(mouth), esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, and rectum. It breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
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Often known as excretory system. Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It Eliminates nitrogeneous wastes from the body. It regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
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Its overall functionis the production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones. Ducts/glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to femal reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining structure serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breat produce milk to nourish the newborn.
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| List the Necessary Life Functions |
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-Maintain Boundaries -Movement -Reponsiveness -Digestion -Metabolism -Excretion -Reproduction -Growth
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Necessary life function. Must so that "inside" remains distinct from its "outside"
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Necessary life function Includes movement of muscular system and movement for fluids(cardiovascular/digestive/urinary system)
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Necessary Life function Ability to sense changes and react
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Necessary Life Function Break-down and delivery of nutrients
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Necessary Life Function Chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body strutures
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Necessary Life Function The elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
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Necessary Life Function Production of future generation
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Increasing of cell size and number
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| List Survival Needs of body |
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-Nutrients -Oxygen -Water -Stable Body Temperature -Atmospheric pressure good
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The factors that fragile life requires in order to maintain life Must have appropriate amounts; excess/deficits are harmful.
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Survival Need food Need Chemcials for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, protein, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
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Survival need of body Required for chemical reactions
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Survival Need of Body
60-80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction
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Survival need of Body
98 degrees fahrenheit lower metabolic reactions slower higher metabolic reactions to fast
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Survival Need The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air Must be appropriate for breathing
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The body's ability to maintain relatively stbale internal conditions even though the outside world is continuosly changing. Dynamic state of equilibrium Must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
(homeo)-same (stasis)-standing still
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| Dynamic State of Equilibrium |
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A balance in which internal conditions change and vary but always within relatively narrow limits |
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| When does the Body demonstrate homeostasis |
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When its needs are being adequately met and its functioning smoothly.
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A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease |
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Factor or event that effects something
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| List the three components of Homeostasis |
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-receptors -control center -effector
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Resonds to changes in the environment. Sends information to control center
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The pathway through which information flows from the receptor to the control center. It approaches the control center
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Determines set point(level) at which variable is to be maintained. Analyzes information it receives Determines appropriate response
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Provides a means for response to the stimulus
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The pathway from the control center to the effector. Exits the control center
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| Negative Feedback Mechanism |
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Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms. Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity. Works like a household thermostat. |
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regulates body temperature
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| Positive feedback mechanism |
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Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther. In the body this only occurs in blood clotthing and birth of a baby.
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Used for showing position, direction, regions, and structures. |
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Visible landmarks on the surface of the body
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Anterior body trunk inferior to ribs |
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Anterior surface of elbow
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Area where thigh meets body trunk groin |
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| Area overlaying the pelvis anteriorly |
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| Curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle |
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| Area of back between ribs and hips |
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| Posterior surface of head |
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| Posterior Surface of elbow |
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The posterior surface of lower leg The calf |
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Used to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another.
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| Superior (Cranal or Cephalad) |
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Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body. Above. Example: The forehead is superior to the nose.
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Away from the Head end or toward the lower part of structure of the body. Below. Example: The navel is inferior to the breastbone
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Ventral Toward or at the front of the body. In front of Example: The breastbone is anterior to the spine
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Dorsal Toward or at the backside of the body. Behind. Example: The Heart is posterior to the breastbone
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Toward or at the midline of the body. On the inner side of. Example: The Heart is medial to the arm.
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Away from the midline of the body. On the outer side of. Example: The arms are lateral to the chest
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Between a more medial and a more lateral structure. Example: The armpit is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.
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Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist (Meaning that the elbow is closer to the shoulder or attachment point of the arm than the wrist)
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Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Example: The knee is distal to the thigh
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External. Toward or at the body surface. The SKin is superficial to the skeleton.
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Internal. Away from the body surface. More internal. Example: The lungs are deep to the rib cage
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| An imaginary line that is used for cutting |
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A cut made along the lengthwise (longitudinal) plane of the body. Divides into right and left parts
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Also known as median section. Cut that is made down the median plane of the body. Left/Right parts are equal in size
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A Cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Also known as Coronal Section. |
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A cut made along a horizonal plane dividing the body or organs into superior and inferior parts. Also known as Cross section
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Has two subdivisions, which are continuous with each other.
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The space inside the bony skull. Dorsal Body Cavity.
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Extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column. Spinal Cord is protected by the vertebrae that surround spinal caivty. Dorsal Body Cavity.
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Larger than the Dorsal Body Cavity. Contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen (the visceral organs in those regions).
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| (Superior) Thoracic Cavity |
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Separated from the rest of the Ventral Body cavity by the diaphragm. The Organs in the Thoracic Cavity(lungs,heart and others) are protected by ribcage
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Central Region of Ventral Cavity. It separates the lungs into right and left cavities in thoracic cavity. Houses the heart, trachea, and other visceral organs
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The Cavity inferior to diaphragm. Subdivided into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
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Superior division of Abdominopelvic cavity. Contains the stomach, liver, intertines, and other organs.
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Superior division of Abdominopelvic cavity. Contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
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Four more or less equal regions that divide up the abdominopelvic cavity. -Right upper quadrant -Right lower quadrant -Left upper quadrant -Left lower quadrant |
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| Name the nine Regions of the abdominopelvic Cavity |
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1.Umbilical region 2.Epigastric region 3.Hypogastric region (pubic) 4./5.Right/Left iliac regions (inguinal) 6./7.Right/Left lumbar regions 8./9.Right/Left hypochondriac regions
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The centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus(navel)
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Located superior to umbilical region (epi)-upon (gastic)-stomach
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Inferior to the umbilical region (hypo)-below Also known as pubic region
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Also known as inguinal regions. Lie lateral to the umbilical region. (iliac)-superior part of the hip bone
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Lateral to umbilical region (lumbus)-loin
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| Right/Left hypochondriac regions |
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Flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs (chondro)-cartilage
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