Term
|
Definition
world is subdivided into 3 stages: savagery, barbarism, civilization; not just an economic thing. Also familial: tribal communities, nation states
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
was part of the discovery of the ABO blood group. There are battle injuries that caused loss of blood and transfusions that reject the blood. And sometimes the transfusion was successful and not rejected. He wondered why this was true.
Began mixing individuals blood and this is how he described the ABO blood group. Found different antigens. Used as portal to entry of different pathogens. A, B, O (null antigen)
The first genetic trait that was identified. So people immediately tried to force these different blood groups into a racial scheme.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in his Berkeley lab, mtDNA was discovered. After isolating mtDNA they used restriction analysis to characterize the DNA.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used many restriction enzymes to cut the mtDNA; was able to show that humans did in fact originate in Africa; the greatest amount of heterogeneity found in Africa. Humans are genetically similar to one another and the earliest populations emerged 50-75 thousand years ago. |
|
|
Term
| Chi-squared test for homogeneity: |
|
Definition
| (Observed – Expected)^2 divided by Expected. This tests for the relationship between two variables, to see if they are indeed related. If it fails the test, then you prove your null hypothesis, that the two variable have no relationship. If the test failed, then one of the assumptions of the HW equation has been violated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sharing of genes declines sharply as you get farther away from your ancestral homeland. all populations are isolated by distance so when you look at fossils that are morphologically differentiated from each other, you begin to see macroevolution
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
focused on the population of Dunkers and the M locus; thought he might be able to measure genetic drift in that population by breaking up the population into age cohorts.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emigrated from W. Germany to escape religious persecution and were highly endogamous; genetic drift is responsible for random changes in the Dunker gene pool; Glass subdivided the pop in ages: >55yrs, 25-55 yrs, <25 yrs; found that the oldest Dunkers had M freq close to Germany and America; there was a continuous trend toward increasing frequency of M, which will eventually lead to fixationà an example of intergenerational drift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the probability of two individuals in a population will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals; takes two forms: inbreeding and outbreeding; if mating is random, F=0. |
|
|
Term
| Positive Assortative Mating |
|
Definition
where individuals mate with respect to phenotypic characteristics
Positive: people mate assortatively in respect to stature (Tall guys + Tall women, Short guys + Short women)
|
|
|
Term
| Negative Assortative Mating |
|
Definition
where individuals mate with respect to phenotypic characteristics; Tall guys mate with Short women and Short guys mate with Tall women
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the H antigen is structured similarly to a bacteria Yersina pestis and when this bacterium gets into humans, you get the bubonic plague. Pestis is mimicking the fucose that needs to attach to the carbohydrate chain to avoid an immune reaction. Individuals who have type O have this substrate and make an antibody against this antigen H. Type A people have less resistance to infection of the plague. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mimics the fucose attachment on the carb chain to avoid a development of immunity against it; lives in the digestive system of fleas. The fleas regurgitate the bacteria on rats and the rats come in contact with ppl. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this virus mimics the A antigen in the same way the yersina pestis mimics fucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| did a study and showed that almost all individuals who were null allele were African American; the allele was Fy^4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein chain that functions to bind to the heme of part of hemoglobin after it’s been turned over in the body; heme is recycled and this binds to haptoglobin; there are two major forms of haptoglobin: Hp1 and Hp2. Hp1 is a better binder of heme than Hp2. The frequency of Hp1 is highest in those areas of the world where you find malaria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has to do with the metabolism of antituberculosis drugs; drugs given to contain TB infections metabolize the drugs themselves in the liver by N-acetyltransferase thru a process called acetylation. Based on two different allelic forms, people metabolize the drugs at different rates. Individuals who are recessive for this gene are slow metabolizers and the drug is in the system for a longer period of time. Fast metabolizers excrete the drug into urine and therefore require a higher dose of the drug; Predominantly in Asia.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation unless specific disturbing influences are introduced. 1. Random mating 2. No Mutations 3. No Selection 4. Infinitely Large population 5. No migration |
|
|
