Term
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Definition
| process of slow cell death; cells age and die, after age 30 cell renewal occurs less than cell breakdown; ______ body can no longer meet physiological demands and FUNCTION DECLINES |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain normal function with decreased cell number or activity FOR A WHILE; severe demands on the body can exhaust __________ _________ --> function decreases |
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Term
| hypotheses- many for causes of aging |
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Definition
| best guesses based on data and observation |
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Term
| usual aging; understand this concept |
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Definition
| typical, expected part of aging..increasing fatness, decrease lean body mass and bone mass--affected by lifestyle choices and environment |
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Term
| successful aging; understand this concept |
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Definition
| declines that occur only because we grow older and not because of lifestyle choices, environment, and chronic disease |
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Term
| compression of morbidity; understand this concept |
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Definition
| strive for greatest number of healthy years, and fewest years of illness--compressing sickness to the last few years of life |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum number of years a human CAN LIVE; dependent on genes and environment |
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Term
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Definition
| number of years AN AVERAGE PERSON, born in a specific year, is EXPECTED TO LIVE |
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Term
1. Heredity - no prevention
2. lifestyle- can prevent aging
3. environment- can prevent aging |
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Definition
| what are 3 factors that affect aging and can we prevent these factors that accelerate our aging? |
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Term
1. food choices- plant base diets; following mediterranean diet linked to lowest rates of chronic disease
2. exercise patterns
3. substance use |
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Definition
| how can we prevent accelerated aging through our lifestyle? |
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Term
1. food choices
2. exercise patterns
3. substance use |
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Definition
| what lifestyle choices lead to longevity and compression of morbidity? |
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Term
1. income
2. education level- education helps with decision making
3. health care
4. shelter
5. psychosocial factors- autonomy and psychosocial support promote successful aging |
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Definition
| what are 5 factors of environment that can prevent accelerated aging |
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Term
| fat; protein also is taken more than recommended but high protein can also be linked to maintaining muscle mass; need more carbs--more fiber than sugar |
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Definition
| which nutrients should be limited in the diets of most american adults? |
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Term
| as adults age, acid production in stomach declines and absorption of nutrients that require acid is impaired-- B12, iron, zinc, and calcium |
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Definition
| name three nutrients that are commonly lacking in the diets of adults |
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Term
1. balance calories with physical activity
2. consume more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fat-free and low-fat dairy products, seafood
3. consume fewer foods with sodium, saturated fats, trans fat, cholesterol, added sugars, refined grains |
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Definition
| what are 3 important guidelines for american adults in which the 2010 dietary guidelines for americans specify? |
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Term
1. calcium
2. vitamin D
3. iron
4. zinc
5. magnesium
6. folate
7. vitamins B-6
8. B-12
9. vitamin E |
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Definition
| what 9 vitamins and minerals are adults usually deficient in? |
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Term
| increased risk of osteoporosis |
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Definition
| what is a deficieny symptom of calcium and vitamin D |
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Term
| blood loss, ulcers, hemorrhoids |
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Definition
| iron deficiency in adults |
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Term
| decreased taste sensation, impaired immunity and wound healing, mental lethargy |
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Definition
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Term
| bone loss, weakness, mental confusion |
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Definition
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Term
| hypertension, osteoporosis, tax on kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| THESE THREE MINERALS ARE REQUIRED TO CLEAR HOMOCYSTEINE FROM BLOOD TO REDUCE RISK OF CVD, STROKE, BONE FRACTURE, AND NEUROLOGICAL DECLINE |
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Term
| decreases antioxidants in body and increases risk of cell damage |
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Definition
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Term
| loss of muscle mass; muscles shrink and can be lost; muscles lose elasticity with added fat and collagen |
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Definition
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Term
1. monitor weight and strive to eat enough to maintain healthy weight
2. use meal replacement products, such as Boost and Ensure Plus
3. choose energy-dense foods, such as plant sources of fat |
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Definition
| what are three ways to combat the changes in aging when it comes to appetite? |
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Term
1. vary the diet
2. experiment with salt-free herbs and spices |
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Definition
| what is a way to combat aging when dealing with sense of taste and smell? |
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Term
1. work with dentist to maximize chewing ability
2. modify food consistency as necessary |
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Definition
| what are 2 ways to combat aging when dealing with chewing or swallowing ability? |
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Term
1. monitor fluid intake
2. stay alert for evidence of dehydration (minimal output or dark-colored urine) |
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Definition
| what are 2 ways to combat aging when dealing with sense of thirst? |
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Term
1. include some lean meat and iron-fortified foods in the diet
2. ask physician to monitor blood iron status
3. consume iron-rich foods with a source of vitamin C
4. choose foods fortified with vitamin B-12 or use a supplemental source of vitamin B-12 |
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Definition
| what are 4 ways we can combat aging when dealing with stomach acidity? |
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Term
1. consume enough fiber daily, choosing primarily fruits, vegetables, and whole-gain breads and cereals
2. meet fluid needs |
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Definition
| what are 2 ways to combat changes in aging dealing with bowel function? |
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Term
1. limit milk serving size each use
2. substitute yogurt or cheese for milk
3. use reduced-lactose or lactose-free products
4. seek nondairy calcium sources |
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Definition
| what are 4 ways to combat changing in aging dealing with lactase production? |
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Term
1. consume alcohol in moderation, it at all
2. avoid consuming dietary supplements that contain more than 100% of the daily value of nutrients, especially vitamin A |
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Definition
| what are 2 ways to combat changing in aging dealing with liver function? |
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Term
1. meet nutrient needs, especially protein, calcium, and vitamin D (regular sun exposure helps meet needs for vitamin D)
2. perform regular physical activity, especially weight-bearing exercise
3. women should consider use of approved osteoporosis medications at menopause
4. remain at a healthy weight (especially avoid unneeded weight loss |
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Definition
| what are 4 ways to combat changes in aging when dealing with bone mass? |
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Term
1. avoid overeating
2. perform regular physical activity |
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Definition
| what are 2 ways to combat changes in aging when dealing with fat stores? |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of muscle mass accompanied by gains in fat mass |
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Term
1. diminished lean body mass
2. increased fat stores
3. decreased body water (lean mass holds water) |
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Definition
| what are the 3 changes in body composition that come with aging? |
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Term
maintaining lean muscle mass
-maintains basal metabolic rate, which helps decrease the risk of obesity
-keeps body fat low (helps control blood cholesterol levels; avoid the onset of type 2 diabetes)
-maintains body water (decreases the risk of dehydration; improves body temperature regulation) |
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Definition
| what could be the most important strategy for successful aging? |
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Term
moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for at least 150 minutes per week or vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise for 75 minutes per week; GOAL: weight management, preservation of bone mass, and prevention of chronic diseases
strength training exercises 2-3 times per week: focus on large muscle groups and enhancing grip strength; GOAL: maintain lean tissue and basal metabolic rate
balance exercises even if there is a risk of falling-incorporate stretching exercises into strength or aerobic exercises 2 days/week; GOAL: improve balance and daily functioning |
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Definition
| what are the 2008 physical activity recommendations for adults and what are the consequences of following them? |
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Term
about 25% of older adults have no natural teeth, many more missing some teeth
-worse in low-income populations
-avoid harder-to-chew foods
-miss out on protein, iron, zinc, potassium, and fiber
-pureed foods sometimes necessary |
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Definition
| understand changes in dentition that occur with aging and how to best address these concerns |
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Term
| the decline in acid production (HCl) and intrinsic factor in the stomach impairs the absorption of iron, calcium, zinc, and B12; decreased production of some digestive enzymes (ex: lactase) |
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Definition
| understand the consequences of decreased HCl production and intrinsic factor in the stomach |
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Term
constipation is main intestinal problem
-increase fiber, fluid
-exercise
-fiber supplements may be needed
-some medications cause constipation
gallbladder and pancreas function declines
-gallstones and gall bladder disease can impair fat absorption
-high blood glucose signals pancreatic dysfunction |
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Definition
| what are digestive system concerns of adulthood? how can an adult prevent or address constipation? |
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Term
gradual loss of nerve cells
-decreased sense of taste and smell
-impaired neuromuscular coordination, reasoning, memory
hearing and vision decline
-curtails social, physical activity
neuromuscular coordination losses, ability to prepare meals declines
-opening packages becomes challenging |
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Definition
| what happens to perceptions of taste and smell as we age and how can that affect nutritional status? what are consequences of other nervous system changes (i.e. hearing loss..)? |
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Term
immunity system operates less efficiently;
require protein, folate and vitamins A, D, and E, iron, zinc to maximize immune system function; overnutrition harmful to immune system |
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Definition
| what happens to immunity as we age? |
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Term
immunity system operates less efficiently;
require protein, folate and vitamins A, D, and E, iron, zinc to maximize immune system function; overnutrition harmful to immune system |
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Definition
| what happens to immunity as we age? |
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Term
decreases in insulin production and/or in insulin sensitivity --> results in high blood glucose that takes longer to return to normal after a meal;
to improve--> maintain healthy weight, exercise regularly, eat diet low in fat, high in fiber, and avoid foods with a high glycemic index |
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Definition
| understand changes in insulin sensitivity and the effect that can have on health. what can an adult do to prevent insulin resistance? |
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Term
1. may interact with nutrients
2. may affect appetite, sense of taste and smell
3. some alter nutrient needs, utilization |
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Definition
| what are 3 ways medication and supplement use affect health? |
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Term
Consequences:
1. poor appetite
2. poor food choices
3. misuse of medication
4. disability (weakness)
5. mental confusion
6. poor nutrition
7. obesity for some
Prevention:
1. positive outlook on life
2. social support
3. eating with others
4. maintaining health as best as possible |
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Definition
| how does depression influence nutritional status? |
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Term
money impacts types/amounts of food one eats
-do not eat enough food or enough nutrients to meet nutrient needs
-nutritional and health status declines
-commodity supplemental food program and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), help low income individuals of all ages |
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Definition
| how can limited financial resources affect nutritional status? |
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Term
DETERMINE
Disease
Eating poorly
Tooth loss or mouth pain
Economic hardship
Reduced social contact and interaction
Multiple medications
Involuntary weight loss or gain
Need for assistance with self-care
Elder at an advanced age |
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Definition
| What are the warning signs for undernutrition in adults (DETERMINE)? |
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Term
1. eat regularly; small, frequent meals may be best. use nutrient-dense foods as a basis for menus
2. use labor-saving devices and some convenience foods, but try to incorporate some fresh foods into daily menus
3. try new foods, new seasoning, and new ways of preparing foods. Use canned goods in moderation or choose those low in sodium
4. keep easy-to-prepare foods on hands for times when you feel tired
5. have a treat occasionally, perhaps an expensive cut of meat or a favorite fresh fruit
6. eat in a well-lit or sunny area; serve meals attractively; use foods with different flavors, colors, shapes, textures, and smells
7. arrange kitchen and eating area so that food preparation and cleanup are easier
8. eat with friends, relatives, or at a senior center when possible
9. share cooking responsibilities with a neighbor
10. use community resources for help in shopping and other daily care needs
11. stay physically active
12. if possible, take a walk before eating to stimulate the appetite
13. when necessary, chop, grind, or blend hard-to-chew foods. softer, protein-rich foods can be substituted for whole pieces of meat when poor dental function limits normal food intake. prepare soups, stews, cooked whole-grain cereals, and casseroles
14. if your dexterity is limited, cut the food ahead of time, use utensils with deep sides or handles, and obtain more specialized utensils if needed? |
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Definition
| what three pieces of advice would you give Gerald about eating well for an older, single man? (gerald is a 76-year-old man whose wife recently passed away. he now lives alone for the first time in his life and is not accustomed to preparing meals for himself.) |
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Term
1. Older Americans Act Nutrition Programm
2. Federal commondity distribution
3. Food cooperatives and religious organizations also provide assistance |
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Definition
| list three possible nutrition resources for an older adult with limited financial means |
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Term
Older Americans Act Nutrition Program
-serves about 242 million meals/yr to adults 60+
-provides 1/3 energy and nutrient requirements
-congregate meal programs provide lunch at a central location
-meals-on-wheels deliver to home-bound adults
Federal commodity distribution
-low-income elderly
-Food stamps (SNAP)
Food cooperatives and religious organizations also provide assistance |
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Definition
| how can community nutrition programs have a positive impact on emotional, physical, and nutritional health of older adults? |
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Term
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Definition
| how many kcals/gram does alcohol provide? |
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Term
men, 5 or more drinks in a row
women, 4 or more drinks in a row |
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Definition
| what is binge drinking for men and women? |
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Term
| 12 fl oz of regular beer or wine cooler (5% alcohol) = 8-9 fl oz of malt liquor (7% alochol) = 5 fl oz of table wine (12% alochol) = 3 oz sherry or liqueur = 1.5 fl oz shot of 80-proof spirits (40% alcohol) |
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Definition
| what counts as a serving of alcohol? |
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Term
-requires NO DIGESTION
-ABSORBED RAPIDLY via simple diffusion in intestines
-depends on rate of stomach emptying
-rate of absorption
-wine-->distilled spirits-->beer (slowest)
-alcohol is found wherever water is found in the body
-easily moves through the cell membrane (damaging it)
-depends on gender, race, size, food, physical condition, alcohol content
-90% to 98% is metabolized, mostly in LIVER
-enzymes ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE and ACETALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE
-alcohol CANNOT BE STORED |
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Definition
| understand how alcohol is absorbed and metabolized, what factors affect the rate of metabolism, and what organs are involved |
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Term
1. decreased risk of death in those at high risk for coronary heart disease-related death, primarily by increasing HDL cholesterol in some people, decreasing blood clotting, and relaxing blood vessels (coronary heart disease)
2. mild decrease in blood pressure, less ischemic stroke in people with normal blood pressure (hypertension and stroke)
3. decreased risk due to reduced blood clotting (peripheral vascular disease)
4. decreased risk of developing type 2 diabetes; decreased risk of death from CVD among diabetes (blood glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes)
5. some increase in bone mineral content in women, linked to estrogen output (bone and joint health)
6. enhanced brain function and decreased risk of dementia by increasing blood circulation in the brain (brain function)
7. GI tract disease: decreased risk of certain bacterial infections in the stomach
8. sleep disturbances: some relaxation
9. nutrient intake: may supply some B vitamins and iron
10. socialization and relaxation: provides some benefit to socialization and leads to relaxation by increasing brain neurotransmitter activity |
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Definition
| what are some benefits of moderate drinking? |
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Term
1. Coronary heart disease: heart rhythm disturbances, heart muscle damage, increased blood triglycerides, and increased blood clotting
2. Hypertension and stroke: increased blood pressure (hypertension); more ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke
3. blood glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes: hypoglycemia; reduced insulin sensitivity; damage to pancreas (site of insulin production)
4. bone and joint health: loss of active bone-forming cells and eventual osteoporosis; increased risk of gout
5. brain function: brain tissue damage and decreased memory
6. skeletal muscle health: skeletal muscle damage
7. cancer: increased risk oral, esophageal, stomach, liver, lung, colorectal, and breast cancer, to name a few
8. liver function: fatty infiltration and eventual liver cirrhosis, especially if a person is also infected with hepatitis C; iron toxicity
9. GI tract disease: inflammation of the stomach (and pancreas); absorptive cell damage leading to malabsorption of nutrients
10. immune system function: reduced function and increased infections
11. nervous system funtion: loss of nerve sensation and nervous system control of muscles
12. sleep disturbances: fragmented sleep patterns; worsens sleep apnea
13. impotence and decreased libido: contributes to the problem in both men and women
14. drug overdose: contributes to the problems, especially in combinations with sedatives
15. obesity: increased abdominal fat deposition; contributes to weight gain as calories from alcoholic beverages quickly add up
16. nutrient intake: leads to numerous nutrients deficiencies; protein, vitamins, and minerals
17. fetal health: variety of toxic effects on the fetus when alcohol is consumed by pregnant women
18. socialization and relaxation: contributes to violent behavior and agitation
19. traffic deaths and other violent deaths: contributes to both traffic death and violent death |
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Definition
| what are the risks of heavy drinking? |
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Term
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Definition
| a formal psychiatric diagnosis, DSM-5; problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to significant impairment or distress; nutrient deficiencies commonly occur with disorder |
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Term
physiological dependence on alcohol
tolerance to the effects of alcohol
alcohol-associated illnesses (memory loss, liver disease, etc.)
continued drinking in defiance of medical and social contraindications
depression and blackouts
flushed face/reddened skin |
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Definition
| what are factors of alcohol use disorder? |
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Term
Moderation:
-1 drink/day for women
-2 drinks/day for men |
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Definition
| what are the dietary guidelines for drinking alcohol? |
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