Smooth Muscle

muscles not under conscious control; aka involuntary or visceral muscle; forms the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

specialized muscle that makes up the heart

Involuntary

smooth muscle not under conscious control and found in organs such as the stomach, small intestine, and ureters

Voluntary

skeletal muscle

Myofibril sarcomere

Myosin

thick filament – reach out and grab actin(chemical attraction); act as cross bridges

Acetylcholine

sysnthesized in neurons by combining acetate with choline

Calcium

ions pumped from sarcolemma to sarcoplasm and stored in sacs

Myoglobin

large protein molecule in the sarcoplasm of muscle cells that attracts  oxygen and holds it temporarily

Heparin

substance obtained by the liver; inhibits blood from clotting

Platelets

anucleated, called “picus”; adult average 250-300K; clotting

Histamine

inflammatory chemical

specialized cell fragment in the blood; thrombrocyte; important component in clotting

clumping together

at base of the arteries leaving the heart; pulmonary and aortic

4 chambers

right and left atria-receive blood from veins; right and left ventricles- pump blood our of heart into arteries(thicker chambers)

3 types of blood vessels and description

1.    Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart; pulmonary trunk is exception; aorta=large artery, arterioles= small arteries
2.    Veins – carry deoxygenated blood back into heart(most valves); vena cava=large, venules=small
3.    Capillaries – very tiny blood vessels between arterioles and venules
Route blood travels through heart and body- Left side pumps to body, right side pumps into heart

Angina

chest pain, warning of ischemia

Vasodilation

dilation of veins and arteries

Vasoconstriction

constriction of veins of arteries

Route of impulse though heart

right atrium receives deoxygenated blood, right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lung, oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium, the left atrium pumps the blood to the left ventricle, the left ventricle pumps the blood into the body

Arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart; pulmonary trunk is exception; aorta=large artery, arterioles= small arteries

Veins

carry deoxygenated blood back into heart(most valves); vena cava=large, venules=small

Capillaries

very tiny blood vessels between arterioles and venules

Left side pumps to body, right side pumps into heart

vena cava

large veins

venules

small veins

speech, memory, logical and emotional, response, consciousness, interpretation of senses, and voluntary movement

Diencephalon

“between” brain; between cerebral hemispheres and midbrain

part of the cerebrum in charge of auditory senses

Hypothalamus

located above medulla; helps control breathing; relays between cerebrum and cerebellum

larger fiber tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Brain stem

complex network formed by converging and diverging nerves

Concussion

minor brain injury

Contusion

permanent tissue damage

Connective tissue and spaces of the brain

Meninges – inner covering, protective connective tissue
        Dura Mater – white, leathery, fibrous tissue surrounding the brain
        Arachnoid Mater – cobweb layer, cushion, filled with cerebrospinal fluid
        Pia mater – covers surface of PNS and contains blood vessels
    Meningeal spaces
Epidural – between bone and dura mater; contains supporting cushion of fat and other connective tissue
Subdural – between dura mater and arachnoid; contains lubrication- serous fluid
Subarachnoid – between arachnoid and pia mater; contains cerebrospinal fluid

Transient

Ischemic Attack, lasts several minutes to an hour, warning sign for CVA

inner covering, protective connective tissue

Subarachnoid

between arachnoid and pia mater; contains cerebrospinal fluid

Somatic

carries information to the somatic effectors(skeletal muscles)

normal maintenance and bodily functions (rest-and-repair)

Afferent

incoming sensory pathways

5 neuroglia and description

1.    Atrocytes - star-shaped; most numerous(about 50%); form webs of sheaths around brain’s capillaries
2.    Microglia – phagocytes; engulf microbes and cellular debris
3.    Ependymal cells – line the cavities of brain and spinal cord; cushions CNS by producing cerebrospinal fluid
4.    Oligodendrocytes – smaller than astrocytes; hold nerve fibers together and produce myelin sheath in CNS
5.    Schwann cells – found only in PNS; support nerve fibers and form myelin sheath

Atrocytes

star-shaped; most numerous(about 50%); form webs of sheaths around brain’s capillaries

Microglia

phagocytes; engulf microbes and cellular debris

Ependymal cells

line the cavities of brain and spinal cord; cushions CNS by producing cerebrospinal fluid

Oligodendrocytes

smaller than astrocytes; hold nerve fibers together and produce myelin sheath in CNS

Schwann cells

found only in PNS; support nerve fibers and form myelin sheath

Anatomy of neuron

Cell Body, Neurofibrils, Dendrites, Axon, myelin sheath, node of Ranvier

3 types of neurons

1.    Multipolar – 1 axon and several dendrites
2.    Bipolar – 1 axon and 1 dendrite(least abundant)
3.    Unipolar – 1 process from cell body which immediately divides into one axon and one dendrite

Sensory neuron

Presynaptic neuron

the part of the neuron transmitting (telodendria)

4 classes of neurotransmitters and examples of each

1.    Acetylcholine – Acetate and choline(vitamin B)
2.    Amines – Serotonin(inhibitory), histamine(excitatory), dopamine(inhibitory), epinephrine(excitatory), norepinephrine(excitatory)
3.    Amino Acids – act as neurotransmitters in CNS; glutamic acid(excitatory), glycine(inhibitory)
4.    Neuropeptides – polypeptides, in intestine regulate digestion, in CNS work as neurotransmitters; enkephalins and endorphins bind to opiate receptors

Neuropeptides

polypeptides, in intestine regulate digestion, in CNS work as neurotransmitters; enkephalins and endorphins bind to opiate receptors

Fight-or-flight

sympathetic

Rest-and-repair

Parasympathetic