Term
| What are the 5 process of the digestive system? |
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Definition
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Compaction
Defecation |
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Term
| What is the selective intake of food? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mechanical, chemical disassembly of food into usable form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the uptake of molecules into epithelial cells, then into blood and lymph? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the absorption of water and consolidating of indigestible residue into feces? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the elimination of feces? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do digestive enzymes convert polysaccharides into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do digestive enzymes convert proteins into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do digestive enzymes convert fats into? |
|
Definition
| monoglycerides and fatty acids |
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Term
| What do digestive enzymes convert nucleic acids into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What process do digestive enzymes use? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nutrients are in absorbable forms? |
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Definition
| vitamins, free amino acids, minerals, cholesterol, and water |
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Term
| How much can the stomach hold after a typical meal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What begins the chemical digestion of protein and fat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a soupy mixture of semi-digested material? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does most digestion occur? |
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Definition
| after the chyme passes to the small intestine |
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Term
| Stretch stimulation and peristaltic contractions of swallowing are both examples of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasympathetic stimulation of digestive motility and secretion is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 things that contribute to GI regulation? |
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Definition
| neural control, hormones, and paracrine secretions |
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Term
| WHere does all blood drained from the stomach and intestines go? |
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Definition
| enters the hepatic portal of the liver and returns to heart |
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Term
| What does the small intestines absorb? |
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Definition
| Everything because it has no barriers |
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Term
| What are the 6 types of gastric glands? |
|
Definition
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Gastric Juice
Enteroendocrine cells
Regenerative (stem) cells
Mucus Neck (goblet) cells |
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Term
| What secretes hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and the hunger hormone (ghrelin)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What secretes gastric lipase and pepsinogen (inactive pepsin)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What has G-cells and paracrines? |
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Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a paracrine? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much gastric juice is produced in a day? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the pH of HCl in gastric juice? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 4 functions of HCl? |
|
Definition
Breaks up CT and plant cell walls
Convert ingested Fe3+ to Fe2+
Activates pepsin
Nonspecific immunity |
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|
Term
| What is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 by the small intestine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
over stretching of the stomach/duodenum
chemical irritants
and visceral trauma, pain, or psych |
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Term
| How does the stomach mucosa get replaced? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How often does the stomach mucosa get replaced? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is gastric juice composed of |
|
Definition
| mainly water, HCl and pepsinogen |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| mucus neck (goblet) cells |
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Term
| What divides rapidly and produces a continuous supply of new cells to replace the ones that die in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| regenerative (stem) cells |
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|
Term
| Which gastric gland cell is the most numerous? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does the stomach receive parasympathetic nerve fibers from? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does the stomach receive sympathetic fibers from? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 3 ways the stomach is protected? |
|
Definition
alkaline mucus coat
tight junctions
and
epithelial cell replacement |
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|
Term
| How does the alkaline mucus coat protect the stomach? |
|
Definition
| it resists the action of acid and enzymes |
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|
Term
| How do tight junctions protect the stomach? |
|
Definition
| prevents gastric juices from seeping between them and digestion the connective tissue of the lamina propria |
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Term
| What can the breakdown of the protective mechanisms of the stomach result in? |
|
Definition
| inflammation and peptic ulcers |
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|
Term
| Where are intestinal crypts located? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is another name for intestinal crypts? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does the upper half of the crypt contain? |
|
Definition
| enterocytes and goblet cells |
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|
Term
| What does the lower half of the intestinal crypts contain? |
|
Definition
| stem cells that replace the epithelial cells |
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|
Term
| What clusters near the base of the intestinal crypts? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What secretes lysozyme, phospholipase, and defensins? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| defensive proteins that resist bacterial invasions of the mucosa |
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|
Term
| Where are the duodenal glands located? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What secretes an abundance of bicarbonate-rich mucus that helps neutralize the HCl from the stomach? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where is a large population of lymphocytes located? |
|
Definition
| throughout the lamina peoria and submucossa of the small intestines |
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|
Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are they called when lymphocytes are aggregated into conspicuous lymphatic nodules in the ileum? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does chyme stimulate the release of? |
|
Definition
| secretin and cholecystokin |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulate the pancreas and gall bladder, and suppress gastric secretion |
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|
Term
| What stimulates insulin secretion? |
|
Definition
| glucose-dependent insulin secretion (GIP) |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 organs that provide the small intestines with secretions that are critical for digestion? |
|
Definition
liver,
gallbladder,
and
pancreas |
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|
Term
| How does the liver help with digestion? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How does the gallbladder help with digestion? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How does the pancreas help with digestion? |
|
Definition
| most digestive enzymes are created here |
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|
Term
| What is the triad consist of? |
|
Definition
small branch of hepatic artery,
small branch of hepatic portal vein,
and
bile duct |
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|
Term
| What does the small branch of the hepatic artery do? |
|
Definition
| carry oxygenated blood to the liver cells |
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|
Term
| What does the small branch of hepatic portal vein do? |
|
Definition
| carry blood from the GI tract |
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|
Term
| What does the Bile Duct do? |
|
Definition
| collects and transports bild to hepatic ducts and gallbladder |
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|
Term
| What parts of the triad passes over the hepatocytes of the sinusoids? |
|
Definition
| the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein |
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|
Term
| What is both an endocrine and exocrine gland? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What part of the pancreas is endocrine? |
|
Definition
| islets of Langerhans (1%) |
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|
Term
| What part of the pancreas is exocrine? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What makes up the islets of Langerhans? |
|
Definition
| alpha cells and beta cells |
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|
Term
| What releases glucagon which in turn increases blood glucose? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What releases insulin which in turn decreases blood glucose? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What types of cells are present in diabetes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What produces pancreatin? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the pancreatic zymogens? |
|
Definition
| the enzymes trypsinogen and carboxypeptidase |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What does carboxypeptidase do? |
|
Definition
| removes amino acids one by one |
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|
Term
| What pancreatic enzyme beings remainder of starch (50%) digestion? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What pancreatic enzyme is responsible for most of the fat digestion? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which pancreatic enzyme digests RNA and DNA? |
|
Definition
| ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease |
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