• black pepper
• ginger
• cinnamin
• cloves
• nutmeg
• mace

What were some of the original uses of herbs and spices in the past?

• food preservation
• cremation and burial rituals
• religious ceremonies

complex polysaccharides used to texurize food, stabilize emulsions (in salad dressing and beer), prevent ice crystals in ice cream, and make crayons

Name three of the most important medicinal plants and what is made from them.

• opium poppy-morphine, alkaloids
• cinchina-quinine (malarial treatment)
• coca plant-anesthetics

elongated cells with tapering ends and thick, lignified cell walls that are dead at maturity; mostly associated with wood

conifers--> _________ wood

angiosperms--> ___________ wood

• jute  
• flax 
• cannibis/hemp 
• bamboo

• agave-->sisal
• bananas -->manila hemp

• henna
• indigo
• madder
• annatto

• lumber
• fuel
• building material
• paper
• rayon
• cellophane
• cork

What was originally thought to be the place of origin for agriculture?

• wheat
• barley
• lentils
• peas
• grapes
• olives
• flax

• sorghum
• yams
• millet
• okra
• cotton

• rice
• soy beans
• bananas
• taro
• citrus

• corn
• peanuts
• squash
• beans
• tobacco
• cotton

50% of calories consumed by humans come from which three plants?

1. sugar cane
2. corn
3. rice
4. wheat
5. potato
6. sugar beet
7. cassava
8. soy bean
9. sweet potato
10. barley
11. sorghum
12. banana

What has been the ultimate result of domestication of plants?

Domesticated plants need humans in order to survive, and humans are dependent on domesticated plants as well.

• increased size and number of harvested plant
• reduction of plant fitness in the wild
• decreased genetic variability
• increase in morphological diversity
• altered life histories
• wider range of distribution
• creation of new species

1960s; introduction of hybrid varieties of corn, wheat, and rice; huge increases in agricultural productivity from changes in agricultural practice and use of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and irrigation

• theoretical food security
• agricultural productivity became greater than population growth

• loss of agricultural fields (monoculture)
• need for more chemical and mechanical harvesting
• more fossil fuel dependence
• more environmental and health concerns

Name two reasons why genetic engineering is more advantageous than plant breeding.

• access to more genes and traits
• faster
• more specificity and predictability
• possibility of working with different species

• can only work with related species
• slowness
• nonselective process (must produce lots of offspring to obtain desired trait)

Name two of the problems caused by the industrialization of agriculture.

• decreasing availability of farmland
• limited water for irrigation
• reliance on fossil fuels

use of

• agrobacterium 
• gene gun/biolistics

• agricultural:  increase yield
• nutritional:  increase quality of food
• environmental:  decrease use of pesticides and fertilizers
• commercial:  companies selling herbicide and resistant crops as a package

They can be sprayed with broad spectrum herbicides at any time.

What is the active ingredient in broad spectrum herbicides?

Glyphosate blocks amino acid synthesis in plants.

crystalline protein that blocks nutrient absorption in the alkaline stomachs of insects

What are the benefits of inserting Bt toxins into crop plants?

• no need for reapplication
• less danger of killing beneficial insects (increased specificity)
• reduction of pesticide use

• possibility of poisoning non-target organisms
• development of resistant target organisms
• persistence/invasiveness of genetically modified crops
• gene flow from genetically modified crops to related species
• allegenicity 

growing non Bt crops alongside Bt crops to slow down the development of resistance in target insects by decreasing selection pressures