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| After Muhammad spent several weeks in the caves meditating, in 610 AD the angel Gabriel appeared to him and gave him a revelation. He then went home to his wife Khadijah and her Christian cousin and they reassured him that his prophecy was legitimate. |
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| was the first wife of Muhammad. Her father died around 585 and she took over his merchant business and preserved her father’s fortunes. She had been married twice and both times her husband’s had been killed in wars. She was 15 years younger than Muhammad, and was 40 years old when they married (he was 25). |
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| Also known as the “cube” is the most sacred site of Islam located in Mecca. It is the center of the hajj, and according to tradition was built by Abraham with help from his son Ishmael. Multiple parts of the hajj require pilgrims to walk several times around counter-clockwise. The four corners roughly face the four cardinal directions of a compass. Was believed to have been built in replication by Abraham of the first human abode of Adam. Housed 360 idols and tribal gods of Arabia’s nomadic tribes. |
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| the holiest city in Islam, and attracts some 2-3 million pilgrims in the annual Hajj alone. Where Muhammad was born in 570, and where the Kaba is located. |
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| was a clan of the Quraysh tribe to which Muhammad was a member of. Means the son’s of Hashim, labeled the Hashemites. |
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| also known as Medina is the second holiest city in Islam and the burial place of the Prophet Muhammad and location of The Mosque of The Prophet. It is 210 miles north of Mecca. In 622 Muhammad left Mecca after persecution and performed the Hijra to Medina. He was asked by the chiefs to arbitrate a dispute. |
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| are the early, initial Muslims who followed Muhammad on his Hijra. Most of the Muhajirun later pledged allegiance to Ali and count among his earliest followers. |
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| is the name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire. It was one of the two main powers of Western Asian and fell to the army of Caliph Umar in 651. |
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| also known as the Roman Empire was a continuation of the latter during the middle ages. Its capital was Constantinople named after its first emperor. |
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| was the dominate tribe of Mecca upon the appearance of the religion of Islam. It was the tribe to which Muhammad belonged to. |
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| the migration of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers to Medina in 622 AD. The Hijra marked the first year of the Islamic calendar by Caliphate Umar. Technically however the first Hijra occurred in 615 when a band of Muslims was counseled by Muhammad to escape persecution and travel to the Kingdom of Axum. |
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| is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount of Jerusalem. It was completed in 691 |
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| is the 5th pillar of Islam and is the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca required of every Muslim who is able to do so. It takes place between 3 days of the 12th lunar month. Also, patrons have the option of partaking in the Umrah or “lesser pilgrimage”, however they must still perform the Hajj at some point. |
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| This means “life” or “journey”, and is the Arabic term used for the various traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad, for which most historical information about his life and early Islam is derived. |
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| Judgment day is the end of the earth and universe, in which there are Great Signs of The Day of Judgment preceding. The first is the rise of the Sun from the west for one day accompanied by the rise of the Earth Beast. Then Mahdi and the second coming of Jesus comes and defeats the enemies. |
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| is a region of west Saudi Arabia, and is the site of Islam’s holy places Mecca and Medina, and has significance in the Islamic historical landscape. |
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| is the concept of “ignorance of divine guidance” or “the state of ignorance of the guidance of God.” Referring to the condition of Arabs and the world alike found themselves in pre-Islamic Arabia prior to the revelation of the Qur’an and Muhammad. By extension it means the state of anyone not following Islam and the Qur’an. |
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| was a famous Sunni Islamic scholar most known for authoring the hadith collection Sahih Bukhari, which is considered the most authoritative book after the Qur’an. |
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| are non-Muslim people who according to the Qur’an received scriptures which were revealed to them by God before the time of Muhammad, such as Christians and Jews. Because they do worship the God of Abraham, as do Muslims, tolerance is often granted in societies governed by sharia (Islamic divine law) |
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| is the Muslim declaration of belief in the oneness of God and acceptance of Muhammad as his prophet. It is the most important of the 5 pillars of Islam. |
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| is the first chapter of the Qur’an. It has seven verses and is a prayer for God’s guidance and stress the lordship and mercy of God. This chapter plays a special role in daily prayers, being recited at the start of each unit of prayer. |
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| is the Arabic word meaning “community” or “nation” used to describe the “Community of Believers”, and thus the whole Muslim world. |
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| are oral traditions relating to the words and deeds of Muhammad. Hadith collections are regarded by traditional schools of jurisprudence as important tools for determining the Muslim way of life. |
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| is a theological school of thought within Sunni Islam, which followed a way of reason and logic in interpreting the Qur’an and laws. They followed the influence of Hellenistic philosophy of the 8th century. |
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| was an early person to convert to Islam and senior companion of Muhammad. Upon Muhammad’s death, he became the first of the rightly guided caliphs. |
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| was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, who ruled as the fourth and final rightly guided Caliph. While Shi Muslims consider Ali the first Imam and the right descendant to lead, this disagreement caused the split in the Muslim community |
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| is an angel who serves as messenger to God. Named Jibril in Arabic, he is believed by Muslims to have revealed the Qur’an to Muhammad. |
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| is a “chapter” of the Qur’an, traditionally arranged in order of decreasing length. |
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| is the head of state, or leader of the Umma. Ruled by the Sharia, four rightly guided caliphs |
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| less festival and a Muslim holiday that marks the end of Ramadan |
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| was the official religion of the Sassanid Empire, and followed a monotheistic approach. Possibly one of the influences and segues into Islam. |
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| The ninth lunar month, dedicated to daytime fasting of food, drink and sexual activities for the entire month. Ends with the Laylat al-qadr, or 27th day of Ramadan, Night of Power commemorating the first revelation of the Qur’an. |
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| Night of Power (Laylat al-qadr) |
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| The 27th of Ramadan. Commemorates the first revelation of the Qur’an to Muhammad. Muslims often prayer extra prayers on this day. |
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| is a term that literally means “helpers” and denotes the Medinan citizens that helped Muhammad and the Muhajirun on the arrival to the city after the Hijra |
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| was conquered during the reign of Umar, and became the capital of the Umayyad Empire. |
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| Became the capital city of the Abbasids under the rule of Abu Jafar. |
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| the clan within the Quraysh that heavily opposed Muhammad and the early Islamic movements |
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| refers to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely. Two requirements for a country to be part of the Dar al-Islam are Muslims must be able to enjoy peace and security within this country, and must have common frontiers with some Muslim countries. |
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| was the head of the clan of Banu Hashim. He married Fatima and was the uncle of Muhammad. Abu Talib raised and supported Muhammad from when he was 8 years on and onwards. |
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| was the heir-apparent to the pagan throne of Mecca, and after the defeat at the Battle of Badr was said to have converted. He then took the caliphate after Caliphate Ali was assassinated, and ushered in the Umayyad Dynasty. |
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| marked the beginning of the Hijra, and the time when Muhammad and his muhajirun fled to Medina (Yathrib) and marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar. |
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| is the exegesis or commentary of the Qur’an. The five sources are the Qur’an, the Hadith, the reports of Sahabah or companions of Muhammad, and then the Tabiun, or next generation following the Sahabah |
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| greater celebration and animal sacrifices to mark the end of the hajj |
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| marks the Islamic civil wars, the first following the assassination of caliph Uthman, and the second is the taking of control by the Umayyads. |
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| Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali |
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| bearing witness of God’s unity and Muhammad’s messengerhood |
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| the formal prayer-worship service observed five times daily |
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| “Fasting” from dawn until dark during the month of Ramadan |
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| or legal almsgiving, calculated on the basis of one’s wealth |
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| “Pilgrimage” to Mecca during the pilgrimage month |
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| “striving,” “exertion,” especially in the religious path or holy war |
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| “Understanding” of the law, and therefore jurisprudence |
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| “Consensus,” one of the four sources of Sunni jurisprudence |
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| independent legal reasoning, engaged by a mujitahid |
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| Islamic “judge” officially appointed by the ruler. The qadi’s judgments are binding. |
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| legal decision making and argumentation by means of analogy. One of the four sources of Sunni fiqh |
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| “Roots” meaning basic principles, as in the case of the sources of jurisprudence |
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| Muhammad al-Shafii founded |
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