St. Peters

Maderno

1610

Italian Baroque

Catholic Reformation

Council of Trent

Baldacchino

Bernini

1625*

Italian Baroque

Baldacchino: canopy over an altar

Most stupendous baldacchino of the Baroque Era

Emphasized that "mystical" aura the church was trying to achieve

David

Bernini

1623

Italian Baroque

Old testament figure

Sexuality is clothed -- result of Catholic Reformation

The church, post COT, decided that art was meant to instruct the people and create mystical experiences. Has tremendous impact on what we see

Emphasized the Saints

The Ecstasy of St. Theresa

Bernini

1650

Italian Baroque

Multi-media is used to set the "stage" where the viewer participates in witnessing a very sensual encounter

Stresses the importance of saints

Highly erotic content

The Loves of the Gods

Carracci

1600

Italian Baroque

The Carracci family starts an art school, which was radical for the time

Placed in the Farnese Palace Gallery

Quadro Riportato: a ceiling design in which painted scenes are arranged in panels that resemble framed pictures transferred to the surface of a sallow, curved vault. 

The Calling of St. Matthew

Caravaggio

1610

Italian Baroque

Shows scenes of saints (post COT)

Paints graphically real (realism)

Use of Tenebrism: a dramatic use of light

Judith and Holophernes

Gentilleschi

1650?

Italian Baroque

Graphic Realism and use of tenebrism

Comes after Carvaggio

St. Ignatius

Pozzo

1690

Italian Baroque

COT dictates and mandates that art should contribute to faith

In the Nave of the church

Makes you think you're getting sucked up with St. Ignatius, or that you're viewing this other worldly manner

Di Sotto En Su: from below upwards

An extreme type of perspective used on ceilings where figures are so foreshortened, they appear to hover above one's head

 St. Bartholomew

Ruberia

1640

Spanish Baroque

Realism, tenebrism

A graphic reminder of the severity of counter-reformation Spain

Execution became a public spectacle

Las Meninas

Velazquez

1656*

Spanish Baroque

Grappling with the light in a complex way, analysis of light and color is profound. Lays the foundation for subsequent movements

Court painter

Complex court scene seen in studio

Spanish were ferociously catholic

Raising of the Cross

Rubens

1610

Flemish Baroque

Example of a Tryptic: a 3 part panel painting. Used primarily as altarpieces

Anatomy Lesson

Rembrandt

1630

Dutch Baroque

The Dutch do not have images in churches (protestant)

Not into mythology

begin the trend of group portraits (seen here)

Protestant vs. Catholic

Establishes Rembrandt's reuputation

Use of Tenebrism

Night Watch

Rembrandt

1640

Dutch Baroque

Another Group Portrait (typical of Protestantism)

Return of the Prodigal Son

Rembrandt

1655*

Dutch Baroque

Biblical scene uncommon for the dutch

This was not a commission or for a church. Personal piece for Rembrandt

Paints scripture in human terms for humans

Very personal; Rembrandt had recently reconciled with his son, Titus

Expresses the message that, "A father's love never goes away"

The Letter

Vermeer

1660

Dutch Baroque

Vermeer worked in Holland

Presents a genre: still life, became specific to Dutch

shows 2 social classes; the lady of the house and the servant

Evokes curiosity; we don't know who the letter is from

Self Portrait

Leyster

1660

Dutch baroque

Women would do self-portrait as a free model and exercise, but a way to promote and advertise how good they were

Little genre scene

Dressed up, wouldn’t paint this way

But the people who could afford paintings wouldn’t dress this way

No church commissions for art

Family of Country People

Le Nain

1640

French Baroque

Looks Dutch (ordinary people).

Most atypical for the time period. Doesn’t look like the Louis XIV style

Burial of Phocion

Poussin

1648*

French baroque

Taste of Louis XIV dominated everything

1648 is the year the French royal academy was established

The academy is going to champion in painting: discipline over originality, line is more important than color, and order is more important than disorder.

The job of the artist wasn’t to hold a mirror to nature but to make her beautiful

Poussin naturally painted this way, so it worked out in his favor

Et In Arcadia Ego

Poussin

1655

discipline over originality, line is more important than color, and order is more important than disorder. The job of the artist wasn’t to hold a mirror to nature but to make her beautiful

Poussin naturally painted this way, so it worked out in his favor

Latin title that means : I, too, am in Arcadia

Versailles

Poussin

n/d

Absolute control Louis had over subjects, architecture, garden, lakes, and everything

Potent symbol for Louis XIV and the French Baroque

Louis likes Classical things

Apollo and Nymphs

Giradon

n/d

French Baroque

Looked classical, Louis liked that

Louis was the “Sun king” Apollo was the “sun god”

Louis XIV

Rigaud

1700

Salon of Princesses

De Boffrand

1740

French Rococo

Louis XV replaces the late Louis XIV (associated with French Baroque).

Louis XV associated French Rococo

Shows the shift of the nobility back to Paris, no longer captives at Versailles

Salons were where intellectual discourse was played out

Return from Cythera

Watteau

1717*

Scumbled

More painterly

More of a Reubenist (Flemish) than a Poussinist (French Baroque)

French rich nobles are buying rococo paintings

Admitted him to the academy; Created new category for Watteau at the academy, to make it seem approved, even though it wasn’t. Category: Painter of the elegant holidays

Cupid, a Captive

Boucher

1750

 French Rococo

Complex iconography

Light and fancy

Very light and humanistic

The Swing

Fragonard

1765

French Rococo

High Rococo Painting

Light and Sensual (barefoot)

Chiswick House

Boyle and Kent

1725

Neo-Classicism

Opposite of the Rococo curvilinear frothiness

Stately

Symmetrical

Elegant

Common sense for the British

Continues throughout England and the US

Etruscan Room

Adam

1760

Neo-Classicism

Pompeii was dug up around 1750, so the taste for all things ancient was fed through the painting styles, furniture designs, and how women dressed all because of Pompeii

Monticello

Jefferson

1770

Neo-Classical

Same style is Imported throughout because of the strong personality of Thomas Jefferson

Country house

US wins political independence and defeats world superpower, they use classicism to elevate their buildings and status

Grace at Table

Chardin

1740

Rococo

*French Naturalism

Atypical of the time

Paints common, ordinary things

Painted at the same tie as the Salons, and as Louis XV

Lived in the downstairs of the aristocrats

Shows the values and virtues of faith was not held by the rich, but the working class

Self

Vigee-LeBrun

1790

Naturalism

French

Self portrait

Paints for the queen of France, who is married to Louis XVI

Style of naturalism

Working on a painting of the queen of France in the portrait

Lord Heathfield

Reynolds

1787

Grand Manner

British

Historically the most influential British painter

Reynolds was President of the royal British academy. His philosophies laid the basis for the academy

Red coat = late 18th century

Clash of arms and ideals

Mrs. Sheridan

Gainsborough

1785

Grand Manner

British

Much more popular in portraits of rich female aristocrats, and wouldn’t paint them in the grand baroque manner, but painted them beautiful and rich, and loved landscape and nature

Breakfast Scene

Hogarth

1745*

Grand Manner

British

Came from a series called “marriage of convenience”

Pokes folly at marriages that were contracted out

Money and title

Paul Revere

Copley

1770

Neo-clascical

American

Really exemplifies amazing ability to show naturalism

Not wearing a powdered wig

Not dressed in finery. Open work shirt and leather vest

Artistman and craftsman

Shows him as a working man 

Copley was able to take pride in what he did in how he rendered all of these textures and patterns, largely self taught

Death of Wolfe

West

1770

Romanticism

99% of paintings done in London.

Becomes second president of British royal academy.

Picture was unprecedented, because it was the first contemporary painting.

Atypical for the time. The battle occurred 10-12 years earlier, but for that time period, it was breaking news. 

Always had native Americans in his pieces.

To show a contemporary hero swooning like a dead Christ, it was very different and progressive. And leads into romanticism

Carceri

Piranesi

1750*

Romanticism

Romanticism Dates from 1750-1850 in Western Cultural Tradition, in visual, musical, and performing art

Print of the carceri, which means prisons

Dark, oppressive, no escape architectural interior

Ideas of a psychological captivity prison that locks you in, and the feelings you get are what are important, not necessarily have to be romantic

Any strong feeling is the goal of a romantic

oAn oppressive dream you just cant wake yourself up from

Nightmare

Fuseli

1780

Romanticism

Creepy, awful dreams

Explores these intense feelings

Explores a violent sexual encounter

Incubus-small creature (vocab word) this is the example

Oath of Horati

David

1784*

Neoclassicism—gets folded into romanticism

Painter for Louis XV, French Revolution, and Napoleon

Tells story from ancient roman times. 

Scene looks different from West’s

♣ In togas

♣ Not American

♣ Neo-classicism

♣ Part of romanticism

Imagines and recreates this in his head and on the canvas

Republican implications in the painting

• Wanted to overthrow monarchy

• Progressive republican idea

King loved picture

The message of this painting ended up being directly related to Louis execution

His Philosophy was that art must contribute to the education of the public

Brought people together for liberty, quality, brotherhood, etc. People willing to die for the state

Death of Marat

David

1793

Neoclassicism

Political propaganda

Educate and manipulates viewers

Classicist. 

Doesn’t show the wounds or sores

Art has power, and David embraces that power. 

The Conversion of Saint Paul

    Caravaggio

Italian Baroque

Shows scenes of saints (Post COT mentality)

Realism (graphic)

Use of Tenebrism: dramatic use of light