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| The transmission of a message from a source to a receiver. |
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| A response from a reciever |
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| interpersonal communication |
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| Know the stupid fucking Figure 1.1 in the book. |
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| communication (better definition) |
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| The process of creating shared meaning |
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| A message that is transformed into an understandable sign and symbol system. |
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| When the signs and symbols of a message are interpreted. Decoding occurs through listening, reading, or watching a television show. |
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| Anything that interferes with successful communication |
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| The means of sending information |
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| mass medium (the plural of medium is media) |
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| We use media and mass media interchangeably to refer to the communication industries themselves. |
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| Is the process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audiences. |
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| This feedback is indirect rather than direct. For example television executives, must wait at the very minimum one day, and some-times a week or a month, to discover the ratings for a new program. As a result, these executives can only infer what they must do to improve programming |
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| cultural definition of communication |
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| The idea that the sheer number of people in many mass communication audiences makes personalization and specificity difficult. As a result, mass communication tends to be more constrained, less free. This does not mean, however, that is a less potent than interpersonal communication in shaping our understanding of ourselves and our world. “Communication is the symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired and transformed.” (9) |
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| the world made meaningful; socially constructed and maintained through communication, it limits as well as liberates us, differentiates as well as unites us, defines our realities and thereby shapes the ways we think, feel, and act |
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| Bounded cultures or co-cultures |
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| Within large national culture, there are smaller cultures such as Italian neighborhoods, fraternity row etc..... |
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| A device with an advanced operating system |
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| Software for mobile digital devices. |
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| technological determinism |
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| To some thinkers, it is machines and their development that drive economic and cultural change. |
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| The ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use any form of mediated communication |
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| The ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use written symbols-had existed since the development of the first alphabets more than 5,000 years ago, it was reserved for very few, the elites. Guttenberg's invention was world-changing because it opened literacy to all, that is, it allowed mass communication. |
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| Multiple points of access |
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| to approach media content from a variety of directions and derive from it many levels of meaning. |
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| the common attitude that others are influenced by media messages but that we are not. |
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| the categories of expression within the different media, such as the "evening news, "documentary, "horror movie". |
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| Each genre is characterized by certain distinctive, standardized style elements. The conventions of the evening news, for example, include a short, upbeat introductory theme and one or two good-looking people sitting at a space-age desk. |
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| the choice of lighting, editing, special effects, music, camera angle, location on the page, and size and placement of headline. |
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| simultaneously releasing a movie to the public in some combination of theater, video-on-]demand, DVD, and download. |
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| The different avenues in which you can release something |
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| the means of delivering a specific piece of media content. |
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| Young children today spend more than 10 hours and 45 minutes a day with media content. They amass such large amounts of consumption because they are adept at simultaneously consuming many different kinds of media. |
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| The erosion of traditional distinctions among media. |
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| concentration of ownership |
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| When one company owns a large number of media outlets. |
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| the increase in the ownership of media outlets by larger, non-media companies. |
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| A defense of concentration and conglomeration has to do with this. That is, bigger can in fact sometimes be better because the relative cost of an operation's output declines as the size of that endeavor grows. |
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| A concentration of media industries into an ever smaller number of companies. |
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| is the process in which people, ideas and goods spread throughout the world, spurring more interaction and integration between the world's cultures, governments and economies. |
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| The nature of the other partner in the mass communication process is changing too. Individual segments of the audience are becoming more narrowly defined; the audience itself is loss of a mass audience. |
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| narrowcasting, niche marketing, or targeting. |
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| To survive the invention of television, radio and magazines were forced to find new functions. No longer able to compete on a mass scale, these media targeted smaller audiences that were alike in some important characteristic and therefore more attractive to specific advertisers. |
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| Technology that allows radio stations to deliver different commercials to specific neighborhoods. |
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| location based mobile advertising |
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| lets marketers directly send ads targeted at you wherever you are in that moment. |
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| technologies permitting the transmission of very specific content to equally specific audience members |
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| groups of people bound by little more than an interest in a given form of media content. |
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| The excessive use of mercantilism in media to obtain success and profit; Extreme emphasis on commerce. Think about how many minutes of your favorite television show is dedicated to commercials. |
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| The integration for a fee, of specific branded products into media content |
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| when brands are, in fact, part of and essential to the program. Pontiac's solstice is a character in episodes of the apprentice. |
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| Many radio stations now accept payment from record promoters to play their songs, an activity once illegal. |
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| Web-only television shows. |
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| The traditional lines between media are disappearing. Concentration is one reason. If one company owns newspapers, an online service, etc. the company has a strong incentive to get the greatest use from its content by use of as many channels of delivery as possible. |
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| Having no preference for where we access our media content. |
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| regularly updated online journals that comment on just about everything. |
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| Now media sources themselves are the people formerly known as the audience. The cost of entry for content production to nearly $0 that digital technologies have wrought has made them all creates |
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| RSS or Really Simple Syndication |
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| Aggregators that allow Web users to create their own content assembled from the internets limitless supply of material. Some of the most popular are MyTime, Blogline, and Newsgator. |
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| audiences consume content at a time predetermined by the producer and distributor. For example Game-of-thrones at 9 |
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| the ability to consume any content, anytime, anywhere. |
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| expectation of reward / effort required |
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| Before children develop the intellectual and critical capacity to know what is not real, they confront the world in all its splendor and vulgarity through television. |
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| Willingly suspend disbelief |
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| we willingly accept as real what is put before us. |
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| For most people, media have relatively few direct effects at the personal level. |
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| The hidden, but much more important, impact of media operates at the cultural level. |
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| asks questions about the immediate, observable influence of mass communication. |
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| asking larger questions about what kind of nation we are building, what kind of people we are becoming- would serve our culture better. |
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| transmissional perspective |
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| sees media as senders of information for the purpose of control; that is, media either had effects on our behavior or they do not. |
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| views media not as a means of transmitting "messages in space" but as central to "the maintenance of society in time" |
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| mass communication theories |
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| explanations and predictions of social phenomena that attempt to relate mass communication to various aspects of our personal and cultural lives or social systems. |
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| the idea that people's ideas of themselves, their world, and their place in it are shaped and maintained primarily through televison. |
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| The solution to the dime-drawing task is this. Almost everyone draws the dime too small. Because a dime is an inconsequential coin, we perceive it as smaller than it really is, and our perceptions guide our behavior. |
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| these explain or predict specific, limited aspects of the mass communication process |
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| Important ideas of mass communication theory. |
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1. There is no one mass communication theory
2. Mass communication theories are often borrowed from other fields of science
3.Mass communication theories are human constructions
4. MC theories are dynamic |
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| the idea that the media are corrupt-ing influences that undermine the social order and that average people are defenseless against their influence. |
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| hypodermic needle theory or the magic bullet theory |
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| Media are a dangerous drug or a killing force against which average people are defnselss |
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| A theory designed to describe and explain all aspects of a given phenomenon. |
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| The theories that emerged from Lazarsfield's work which identified those individual and social characteristics that led audience members to be influenced (or not) by media. these included individual differences, social categories, and personal relationships |
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| The two-step flow of communication model hypothesizes that ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. It was first introduced by sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld et al. in 1944 and elaborated by Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld in 1955 and subsequent publications. |
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| people which initially consumed media content on topics of particular interest to them, interpreted it in light of their own values and beliefs |
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| people who have less frequent contact with media who follow opinion leaders and their ideas. |
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| argues that when confronted by new or conflicting information people experience a kind of mental discomfort. |
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| As a result of the dissonance theory, we consciously and subconsciously work to limit or reduce that discomfort through three interrelated selective process.(selective exposure, selective retention and selective perception.) |
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| selective exposure ( or selective attention) |
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| the process by which people expose themselves to or attend to only those message consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs. |
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| assumes that people remember best and longest those messages are are consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs. |
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| predicts that people will interpret messages in a manner consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs. |
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Image result for reinforcement theory
Reinforcement theory proposes that you can change someone's behavior by using reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. Rewards are used to reinforce the behavior you want and punishments are used to prevent the behavior you do not want. Extinction is a means to stop someone from performing a learned behavior. (Klapper) |
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| uses and gratification approach |
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| claims that media do not do things to people; rather, people do things with media.In other words, the influence of media lis limited to what people allow it to be |
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| a theory that argues that media may not tell us what to think but media certainly tell us what to think about. |
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| Media dependency theory. Media dependency theory, a systematic approach to the study of the effects of mass media on audiences and of the interactions between media, audiences, and social systems. It was introduced in outline by the American communications researchers Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur in |
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| the idea that people learn through observation- and applying it to mass media, especially television. |
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| to copy someone else's behavior |
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| the direct replication of an observed behavior |
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| a special form of imitation in which observers do not copy exactly what they have seen but make a more generalized but related response. |
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| observers can learn or acquire new behaviors simply by seeing those behavior performed. |
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| seeing a model, a movie character, for example, punished for a behavior reduces the likelihood that the observer will perform that behavior. |
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| Seeing a model reward for prohibited or threatening behavior increases the likelihood that the observer will perform that behavior. |
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| These theories share the underlying assumption that our experience of reality is an ongoing, social construction, not something that is only sent, delivered, or otherwise transmitted to a docile public. Audience members don't just passively take in and store bits of information in mental filing cabinets, they actively process this information, reshape it , and store only what serves culturally defined needs. |
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| criticual cultural theory |
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| The idea that media operate primarily to justify and support he status quo at the expense of ordinary people |
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| Believe people were opressed by those who owned the factories and the land. They called the factories and land the base. Modern neo-MArxist theorist believe that people are oppressed by those who control the culture, the superstructure- relight, politics, are, literature, and of course mass media. |
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| This approach of theodor adorno and max horheimer was celebrated in neo-marxism, valued serious art and saw consumption of arts as a means to elevate all people toward a better life. |
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| provides a home for much feminist research and research on popular culture both in Europe and in the United States. |
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| The study of how economic and other influences on the way news is produced distort and bias news coverage toward those in power. |
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| the idea that active audience members use media content to create meaning, and meaningful experiences, for themselves. |
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| It is the idea that cultural symbols are learned through interaction and then mediate that interaction. It other words, people give things meaning, and hat meaning controls their behavior. the american flag is a perfect example. |
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| advertises succeed by encouraging the audience to perceive their products as symbols that have meaning beyond the products actual function |
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| Social construction of reality |
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| argues that people who share a culture also share " an ongoing correspondence" of meaning. |
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| things that have "objective" meaning. |
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| things that we assign subjective meaning. |
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| collections of meanings assigned to some phenomenon or situation. |
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| the product of the sharing of messages; moving individual and different people toward a shared, television-created understanding of how things are. |
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| a direct casual relationship between violent content and aggressive behavior. |
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| the idea that media portrayals can suggest that certain classes people. such as women or foreigners, are acceptable targets for real-world aggression, thereby increasing the likelihood that some people will act violently toward people in these groups. |
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| the idea that watching violence in the media reduces people's innate aggressive drive. |
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| the idea that observed reinforcement operates in the same manner as actual reinforcement. That is, seeing the bad guy punished is sufficient to inhibit subsequent aggression on the part of the viewer. |
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| the notion that real-world incentives can lead observers to ignore the negative vicarious reinforcement they have learned to associate with a given behavior. |
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| defined as the diminished emotional responsiveness to a negative or aversive stimulus after repeated exposure to it. It also occurs when an emotional response is repeatedly evoked in situations in which the action tendency that is associated with the emotion proves irrelevant or unnecessary. Desensitization is a process primarily used to assist individuals unlearn phobias and anxieties and was developed by psychologist Mary Cover Jones.[1][2] Joseph Wolpe (1958) developed a method of a hierarchal list of anxiety evoking stimuli in order of intensity, which allows individuals to undergo adaption.[3] Although medication is available for individuals suffering from anxiety, fear or phobias, empirical evidence supports desensitization with high rates of cure, particularly in clients suffering from depression or schizophrenia.[4] |
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| The application of a standardized image or concept to members of certain groups, usually based on limited information. |
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| messages conveyed through an interposed device rather than face-to-face |
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| those that determine which messages will be delivered to media consumers. |
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Simply means taking out the “middle man” in the mass media
Selling your media/yourself directly to consumers |
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| Research based on careful observation and thought rather than on controlled experiments or statistics |
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