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IMA Chapter 2 Terms
terms and definitions
43
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02/05/2007

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Term
Amplitude
Definition
Stength of a wave or the amount of energy it carries. Changes in amplitude are perceived as divergences of volume.
Term
Antinode
Definition
A place where the source wave and its reflection greatly reinforce each other because they are in-phase.
Term
Cancellation
Definition
When two waves are 180 degrees out of phase the sum of the two waves will cancel each other out.
Term
Central hearing loss
Definition
Hearing loss caused by a rare disorder in the brain affecting comprehension of sound.
Term
Complex
Definition
Waveforms that contain overtones or variant mixtures of many related frequencies(known as harmonics) that are created simultaneously with a fundamental, base tone.
Term
Compression
Definition
An are of higgher-than-normal air pressure within a cycle of sound.
Term
Conductive hearing loss
Definition
Hearing loss caused by disease, infection, or other physical ailments.
Term
Dead room
Definition
Rooms that are designed to have low reflections of sound or reverb.
Term
Decibel (db)
Definition
Univeral unit of amplitude measurement for the intensity of a signal expressed on a logarithmic scale.
Term
Diffraction
Definition
The bending of a wave around the edge of a barrier. (i.e. doorways, etc.)
Term
Eustachian tube
Definition
Passageway connecting the throat and sinuses with each inner ear.
Term
Exponent
Definition
The number of times you have to multiply the foregoing nuber (called the base) by itself. It is noted in superscript notation alongside the base.
Term
Frequency
Definition
The number of wave cycles passing a single point in a specific amount of time. Sound is customarily measure in quantity of cycles per second, and frequency changes are distinguished mentally as variations in pitch.
Term
Hertz (Hz)
Definition
The universal unit of frequency measurement. One complete cycle (one full compression and rarefaction)per second.
(Range of human hearing = 20Hz- 20kHz)
Term
Interference
Definition
Two or more waves occupying the same space and time.
Term
Live Room
Definition
Rooms constructed with "hard" materials to increase the amount of reflection of sound or reverb.
Term
Logarithm
Definition
Related to the exponent, its notation is x=logbM, where b corresponds to the base once more.
Term
Loudness
Definition
Related to the perception of sound, loudness differs in one ear and the other giving an understanding of direction, an effect that can be re-created by "panning" from one speaker, or headphone, to another.
Term
Medium
Definition
Material through which sound travels. Any matter can be a medium of sound.
Term
Node
Definition
A place in a room where the source wave and its reflection are 180 degrees out of phase, creating a pocket of silence for that frequency.
Term
Overtone
Definition
Harmonic, or set of sympathetic frequencies that resonate when a single base note is played.
Term
Period
Definition
Duration to complete one cycle of the wave.
Term
Permanent Threshold Shift
Definition
When the damage of overexposure irreversibly reduces the range of frequencies the ear is equipped to receive.
Term
Phase
Definition
Measure of the timing differentials among two reproductions of the same waveform.
Term
Phase difference
Definition
In relation to perception of sound, registered nominal timing delays caused by sound waves hitting one ear drum before the other.
Term
Pitch
Definition
the way in which we mentally distinguish between changes in frequencies.
Term
Presbycusis
Definition
Natural declining of human hearing as we age.
Term
Rarefaction
Definition
Area of lower-than-normal air pressure during a cycle of sound.
Term
Real Time Analyzers (RTA)
Definition
Precision device capable of documenting and detailing the frequencies of perceived high and low pitch sounds.
Term
Reflection
Definition
Bouncing of waves that result off the surface of boundaries.
Term
Resonance
Definition
Occurs when a wavelength of a particular frequency is reinforced by its own reflections.
Term
Reverberation
Definition
Multiple reflections from interactions with multiple boundaries.
Term
Signal
Definition
Variations in air pressure that have been translated into electricity.
Term
Simple
Definition
Basic, regular waveform such as sine waves or square waves. Typically must be artificially generated.
Term
Sound Pressure Level Meter (SPL)
Definition
Provides strength, or amplitude, information on the air pressure metrics that are perceived as a sound's loudness.
Term
Spectral Analyzer
Definition
Precision device capable of documenting and detailing the frequencies of perceived high and low pitch sounds.
Term
Standing Wave
Definition
Interference caused by sounds of a constant frequency reflecting off of parallel walls. Characterized by lack of vibration at certain points, between whcih areas of maximum vibration occur periodically.
Term
Summing
Definition
When two waveforms are in phase they will combine to equal the sum of the two waves.
Term
Temporary Threshold Shift
Definition
Such as the ringing effect experienced by numerous concert goers.
Term
Tinnitus
Definition
Condition in which a enduring ringing or hissing within ones ear occurs.
Term
Transmission
Definition
When the energy of a sound wave is absorbed into a boundary and sets it into motion.
Term
Waveform
Definition
The actual contour of the wave when it is represented graphically in 2-D.
Term
Wavelength
Definition
The physical length of a wave. Determined by dividing the speed of a wave by its frequency.
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