Term
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Definition
Abnormally folded protein |
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Term
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Definition
Always considered an obligate intracellular parasite |
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Term
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Definition
Term referring to an animal that is carrying a parasite |
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Term
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Definition
Term referring to a set of clinical signs which occur together; the sum of clinical signs in a disease state |
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Term
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Definition
The presence of an infectious agen in (or on) an individual with accompanying damage to host cells, tissues, or organs; the infection may or may not be clinically apparent |
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Term
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Definition
Organisms that usually inhabit the inanimate environment |
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Term
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Definition
Reduced in virulence, less virulent |
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Term
Facultative intracellular parasite |
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Definition
Term referring to an infectious agen that may replicate inside or outside host cells |
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Term
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Definition
Clinical disease may be inapparent. Clinical disease may be intermittent during the course of infection. Clinical disease may develop late in the course of the infection. The persistently infected animal may shed the organism, exposing other susceptible animals. |
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Term
Innate/natural/nonspecific immunity |
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Definition
Comprises the most rapid response to an initial encounter with a pathoge; the response to a particular pathogen is essentially identical for each exposure (3 answers, all must be correct) |
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Term
Natural Killer cells, T lymphocytes |
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Definition
These cells function by killing host cells that are infected with intracellular pathogens (2 answers) |
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Term
Dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells |
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Definition
These are considered sentinel cells (3 answers) |
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Term
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Definition
These cells recognize antigens with a high degree of specificity, but only if the antigen is presented by another cell |
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Term
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Definition
These cells secrete antibodies |
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Term
Secondary immune response |
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Definition
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Term
Both primary and secondary responses |
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Definition
Displays a high degree of specificity for antigens |
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Term
Humoral and Cell-mediated immunity |
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Definition
Displays high degree of specificity for antigen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Most effective against intracellular pathogens |
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Term
Secondary lymphatic tissues |
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Definition
Lymph nodes, site at which lymphocytes respond to antigens |
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Term
Primary lymphatic tissues |
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Definition
A synonym is central lymphatic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Administration of antigens to an animal, vaccination |
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Term
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Definition
Provides immunity that is inevitably short-lived |
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Term
Neither active nor passive immunization |
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Definition
The immunity that is conferred is nonspecific immunity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Blood group antigens are an example of targets in a transfusion reaction |
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Term
Type III Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Mediated by immune complexes in tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Mediated by T Lymphocytes |
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Term
Humoral and Cell Mediated Immune deficiencies |
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Definition
Involve both primary and secondary immune deficiencies |
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Term
Primary immune deficiencies |
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Definition
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Term
Secondary Immune deficiencies |
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Definition
Can be caused by viral infections or nutritional deficiencies |
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Term
Innate or Adaptive Immunity |
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Definition
Can be affected by immune deficiencies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cytokine with antiviral properties |
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Term
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Definition
A collection of proteins that act together to enhance inflammation and phagocytosis, in addition to forming pores in cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
The innate immune system is the first to respond. Has nothing to do with immunologic memory, but does activate the adaptive immune system. Specifically, dendritic cells (a type of sentinel cell) present an antigen to T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes in secondary lymphatic tissue also recognize the antigen and undergo proliferation. They form antibodies which are Ig molecules. Some of the activated lymphocytes become effectors and fight the infection. Others become memory cells and are stored for subsequent encounters with the antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
activation of eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
Activate helper T lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Inhibit adaptive immune response |
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Term
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Definition
Killing of host cells that are infected with an intracellular pathogen (2) |
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Term
Macrophages and neutrophils |
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Definition
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Term
Dendritic cell, Macrophage, B lymphocyte |
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Definition
Presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes (3) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Complement activation (2) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Type II and III Hypersensitivities |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Type III hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Mediated by immune complexes |
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Term
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Definition
Mediated by T lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Immediate hypersensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Diagnostic skin test for tuberculosis |
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Term
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Definition
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia |
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Term
Type III Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Purpura hemorrhagica following Streptococcus equi infection of horses (Strangles) |
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Term
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Definition
Displays a rapid response with each and every encounter |
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Term
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Definition
Displays a very high degree of specificity |
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Term
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Definition
Neutrophils are important mediators |
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Term
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Definition
Results in formation of memory cells |
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Term
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Definition
T lymphocytes are important mediators |
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Term
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Definition
The response that displays a greater magnitude than the other |
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Term
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Definition
The response that is slower to develop than the other |
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Term
Neither primary nor secondary |
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Definition
The response that occurs in primary lymphatic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
The response for which B lymphocytes are essential |
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Term
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Definition
The response for which T lymphocytes are essential |
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Term
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Definition
The response that is associated with immunologic memory |
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Term
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Definition
The response that is more important for eliminating intracellular pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
May provide cell-mediated immunity to animal |
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Term
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Definition
Provides immediate benefit to animal |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulates immunologic memory |
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Term
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Definition
Transfer of antibodies to a susceptible animal |
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Term
Secondary immune deficiency |
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Definition
Infection by certain pathogens may cause this |
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Term
Both primary and secondary immune deficiency |
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Definition
May affect innate immunity |
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Term
Both primary and secondary immune deficiency |
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Definition
Occurs in secondary lymphatic tissues |
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Term
Primary lymphatic tissues |
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Definition
Central tolerance is established in these tissues |
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Term
Secondary lymphatic tissues |
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Definition
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Term
Primary lymphatic tissues |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Proteins that are signaling molecules, released by one cell and induce action in another cell; coordinate host defense mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibition of the binding of a toxin or pathogen to its cellular receptors |
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Term
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Definition
Molecular structures found in microorganisms that are unlike any found in host animals |
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Term
Facultative intracellular pathogen |
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Definition
Microorganism that causes pathology and may replicate either inside or outside of host cells |
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Term
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Definition
A parasite that causes no discernible harm to its host |
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Term
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Definition
Plasma proteins whose concentration increases as part of the systemic response to inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
A parasite that does no discernible damage to host |
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Term
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Definition
The competency of an infectious agent in producing disease |
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Term
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Definition
Humoral and cell-mediated immunity are both aspects of this |
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Term
Tears (eyes), urine (urinary tract) |
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Definition
Two examples of cleansing mechanisms at epithelial surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
Acquired early in life, competes with potential pathogens for attachment sites, competes with potential pathogens for nutrients, secretes substances that inhibit colonization by pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
Portion of the respiratory system least likely to have a normal microbial flora |
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Term
Fever, lethargy, loss of appetite |
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Definition
3 systemic effects of local inflammation on the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
Term for that portion of an antigen that actually makes contact with an antibody |
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Term
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Definition
Presents antigenic peptides to CD4 lymphocytes |
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Term
Both class I and class II |
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Definition
Transports irregular antigenic peptides to the plasma membrane |
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Term
Secondary lymphatic tissue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Secondary lymphatic tissue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The cell that is most important for the initial activation of CD4 T Lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
The cell that is most important for the initial activation of B lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
The cell whose major function is to secrete antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
The cell whose major function is to recruit and activate eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
Cells whose major function is to kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
The cell found primarily in nodular lymphatic tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Antibody class found primarily in plasma, with a very low concentration in tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Antibody whose class plasma concentration is higher than all other classes |
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Term
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Definition
Antibody class whose concentration in body secretions is higher than all other classes |
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Term
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Definition
Antibody class found primarily bound to mast cells |
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Term
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Definition
First antibody class expressed by B lymphocytes following maturation in primary lymphatic tissues |
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Term
Innate immunity relies on recognizing pathogen associated molecular patterns while the adaptive immunity recognizes specific antigens found on the pathogens. This difference allows the adaptive immune system to have a higher specificity than the innate system when recognizing and attacking pathogens |
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Definition
Differences between innate and adaptive immunity, in terms of their means of recognizing pathogens. |
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Term
The innate immune system is much faster to respond than the adaptive immune system. Parts of the innate immune system can be activated within minutes to hours, but the adaptive immune system can take days to be activated. |
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Definition
Describe the differences between innate and adaptive immunity, in terms of their timing. |
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Term
Immunologic memory stems from the recognition of a specific antigen by a T lymphocyte that then proliferates to form effector cells and memory cells. The memory cells become more numerous and their affinity grows for their antigen after each subsequent exposure. This allows for the adaptive immune system to respond quicker and more powerfully each time the specific antigen invades the body. |
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Definition
Explanation of the molecular and cellular basis of immunologic memory. |
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Term
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Definition
Complement activation (2) |
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Term
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Definition
kills host cells infected by intracellular pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Recruits and activates eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
Recruits and activates macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
Transferred into the newborn's plasma by ingestion of colostrum |
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Term
Recurrent infections, opportunistic infections |
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Definition
2 clinical indications of an immune deficiency syndrome in an animal |
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Term
Immediate hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
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Term
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Allergic contact dermatitis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Type III Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis |
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Term
Type III, IV Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Immune mediated polyarthritis |
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Term
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Definition
Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Type I Hypersensitivity antigen-specific mediator |
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Term
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Definition
Type II hypersensitivity antigen-specific mediator (2) |
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Term
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Definition
Type III hypersensitivity antigen-specific mediator |
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Term
CD4 T Lymphocytes, CD8 T lymphocytes |
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Definition
Type IV Hypersensitivity antigen-specific mediators (2) |
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Term
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Definition
Type I hypersensitivity non-specific mediators (2) |
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Term
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Definition
Type II hypersensitivity non-specific mediators (2) |
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Term
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Definition
Type III hypersensitivity non-specific mediators (2) |
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Term
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Definition
Type IV Hypersensitivity non-specific mediators (2) |
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Term
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Definition
Two general categories or types of allergens |
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Term
Complement-mediated lysis of RBCs within vasculature |
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Definition
In immune mediated hemolytic anemia, intravascular hemolysis results from: |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with administration of a toxoid |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with cell-mediated immunity |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with immediate immunity with no lag time |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with immunologic memory |
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Term
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Definition
Asexual, unicellular reproductive form of a fungus |
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Term
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Definition
In presentation of antigen to T lymphocyes, what is the name of the cell that initially presents antigen and activates T lymphocytes? |
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Term
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Definition
One class of T lymphocytes is initially the antigen presented with the antigen. This class of lymphocytes is named by the cell surface molecule that they express. What is in this class, or molecule? |
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Term
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Definition
When this class of T lymphocyte differentiates, it may become one of two classes of lymphocytes, each with different effector functions. Those two functional classes are ______ or ______ |
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Term
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Definition
Which cytokine is required for proliferation of most T lymphocytes? |
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Term
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Definition
Another class of T lymphocytes, called Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc), is responsible for killing cells that are infected with intracellular pathogens. This class of lymphocytes is named by the cell surface molecule that they express. What is this class, or molecule? |
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Term
Animal reservoirs, carrier hosts, environment, stress |
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Definition
Sources of infectious agents |
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Term
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Definition
Presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the bloodstream, with signs of disease |
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Term
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Definition
Microorganisms that normally inhabit the inanimate environment |
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Term
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Definition
Infection that results from the activity of a veterinarian |
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Term
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Definition
A species that can serve as an alternate host for a microorganism |
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Term
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Definition
In this branch of the immune system, recognition is based on precise arrangements of amino acids or polysaccharides that are unique to a species or even strain of pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
This branch of the immune system is characterized by its ability to respond more rapidly upon subsequent encounters with a pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
T and B lymphocytes are essential components of this branch of the immune system |
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Term
Loss of peristalsis in intestinal tract, long-term antibacterial therapy, significant dietary changes |
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Definition
The normal microbial flora of the digestive tract may be disrupted by all of the following: |
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Term
Epithelial damage and disruption of mucociliary transport |
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Definition
A very significant potential effect of viral infection on the respiratory tract is: |
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Term
Antimicrobial substances in tears, the cleansing effect of tears, secretory IgA in tears, NOT mucus layer that traps foreign particles |
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Definition
The surface of the eye are protected by all of the following mechanisms: |
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Term
Collectins, exposed basement membranes of host tissues, microbial cell walls, NOT defensins |
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Definition
The complement system may be activated by all of the following: |
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Term
Mast cell activation, microbial killing, attract or recruit neutrophils, opsonization, NOT neutralization |
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Definition
Following activation, complement components can perform all of the following functions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Hydroxyl radical, hypochlorite |
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Definition
The two products of the respiratory burst that are most effective at killing ingested microorganisms |
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Term
Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte emigration |
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Definition
Three microvascular processes that occur in acute inflammation |
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Term
Histamine, Prostaglandin E2 |
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Definition
Directly contributes to increased blood flow at the site of acute inflammation |
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Term
Leukotriene B4, chemokines |
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Definition
Responsible for chemotaxis of neutrophils through tissues |
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Term
Interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha |
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Definition
Responsible for fever associated with acute inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
Administration of antitoxin |
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Term
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Definition
Confers immunity without a lag time |
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Term
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Definition
Establishes immunologic memory in the recipient |
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Term
Infection may result in self antigens from damaged tissue to be presented by activated dendritic cells, certain microbial antigens may activate lymphocytes that cross-react with self antigens, the inflammation and tissue damage in infection may result in self antigens being presented to T lymphocytes at higher concentrations than usual, NOT absence of Treg lymphocytes in infection may lead to activation of lymphocytes that recognize self antigens |
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Definition
Potential role of infection in inducing autoimmunity |
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Term
Dilute and or remove the injurious agent and any tissue debris from the site of injury, prepare the tissue for repair and healing |
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Definition
The two essential functions of acute inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
In cattle and horses, the acute-phase protein that can be measured clinically as an indicator of inflammation |
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Term
Induce cells to synthesize proteins that inhibit viral replication |
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Definition
Antiviral actions of interferons are based on their ability to |
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Term
NK cells, Th1 lymphocytes |
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Definition
The two major sources of interferon-y are: |
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Term
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Definition
The site of maturation of B lymphocytes from precursor cells in birds |
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Term
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Definition
The site of maturation of T lymphocytes from precursor cells in birds |
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Term
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Definition
The lymphatic tissue that filters antigens from the blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
The microanatomic site populated by T lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Function of B lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Function of Th1 lymphocytes |
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Term
Kill cells infected by intracellular parasites |
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Definition
Function of Tc lymphocytes |
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Term
Inhibit adaptive immune responses |
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Definition
Function of Treg lymphocytes |
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Term
High molecular complexity, large molecular size, polysaccharides, proteins, NOT lipids |
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Definition
Features of a good antigen include all of the following: |
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