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Immunology Exam 1
Old Test Questions
182
Other
Professional
09/04/2009

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Term
Prion
Definition
Abnormally folded protein
Term
Virus
Definition
Always considered an obligate intracellular parasite
Term
Host
Definition
Term referring to an animal that is carrying a parasite
Term
Syndrome
Definition
Term referring to a set of clinical signs which occur together; the sum of clinical signs in a disease state
Term
Infection
Definition
The presence of an infectious agen in (or on) an individual with accompanying damage to host cells, tissues, or organs; the infection may or may not be clinically apparent
Term
Saprophyte
Definition
Organisms that usually inhabit the inanimate environment
Term
Attenuated
Definition
Reduced in virulence, less virulent
Term
Facultative intracellular parasite
Definition
Term referring to an infectious agen that may replicate inside or outside host cells
Term
Persistent infections
Definition
Clinical disease may be inapparent. Clinical disease may be intermittent during the course of infection. Clinical disease may develop late in the course of the infection. The persistently infected animal may shed the organism, exposing other susceptible animals.
Term
Innate/natural/nonspecific immunity
Definition
Comprises the most rapid response to an initial encounter with a pathoge; the response to a particular pathogen is essentially identical for each exposure (3 answers, all must be correct)
Term
Natural Killer cells, T lymphocytes
Definition
These cells function by killing host cells that are infected with intracellular pathogens (2 answers)
Term
Dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells
Definition
These are considered sentinel cells (3 answers)
Term
T lymphocytes
Definition
These cells recognize antigens with a high degree of specificity, but only if the antigen is presented by another cell
Term
B lymphocytes
Definition
These cells secrete antibodies
Term
Secondary immune response
Definition
Anamnestic response
Term
Both primary and secondary responses
Definition
Displays a high degree of specificity for antigens
Term
Humoral and Cell-mediated immunity
Definition
Displays high degree of specificity for antigen
Term
Humoral immunity
Definition
Mediated by antibodies
Term
Cell mediated immunity
Definition
Most effective against intracellular pathogens
Term
Secondary lymphatic tissues
Definition
Lymph nodes, site at which lymphocytes respond to antigens
Term
Primary lymphatic tissues
Definition
A synonym is central lymphatic tissue
Term
Active immunization
Definition
Administration of antigens to an animal, vaccination
Term
Passive immunization
Definition
Provides immunity that is inevitably short-lived
Term
Neither active nor passive immunization
Definition
The immunity that is conferred is nonspecific immunity
Term
Type II Hypersensitivity
Definition
Mediated by IgE
Term
Type II Hypersensitivity
Definition
Blood group antigens are an example of targets in a transfusion reaction
Term
Type III Hypersensitivity
Definition
Mediated by immune complexes in tissues
Term
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Definition
Mediated by T Lymphocytes
Term
Humoral and Cell Mediated Immune deficiencies
Definition
Involve both primary and secondary immune deficiencies
Term
Primary immune deficiencies
Definition
Present at birth
Term
Secondary Immune deficiencies
Definition
Can be caused by viral infections or nutritional deficiencies
Term
Innate or Adaptive Immunity
Definition
Can be affected by immune deficiencies
Term
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE
Definition
4 classes of antibodies
Term
Interferon
Definition
Cytokine with antiviral properties
Term
Complement
Definition
A collection of proteins that act together to enhance inflammation and phagocytosis, in addition to forming pores in cell membranes
Term
Immunologic memory
Definition
The innate immune system is the first to respond. Has nothing to do with immunologic memory, but does activate the adaptive immune system. Specifically, dendritic cells (a type of sentinel cell) present an antigen to T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes in secondary lymphatic tissue also recognize the antigen and undergo proliferation. They form antibodies which are Ig molecules. Some of the activated lymphocytes become effectors and fight the infection. Others become memory cells and are stored for subsequent encounters with the antigen.
Term
Th2 cell
Definition
activation of eosinophils
Term
Dendritic cell
Definition
Activate helper T lymphocytes
Term
Th1
Definition
Activate macrophages
Term
Treg cell
Definition
Inhibit adaptive immune response
Term
NK cell, Tc cell
Definition
Killing of host cells that are infected with an intracellular pathogen (2)
Term
Macrophages and neutrophils
Definition
Phagocytosis (2)
Term
Dendritic cell, Macrophage, B lymphocyte
Definition
Presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes (3)
Term
B lymphocytes
Definition
Secrete antibodies
Term
IgG, IgM
Definition
Complement activation (2)
Term
IgG
Definition
Opsonization
Term
Type II and III Hypersensitivities
Definition
Mediated by IgG (2)
Term
Type I hypersensitivity
Definition
Mediated by IgE
Term
Type III hypersensitivity
Definition
Mediated by immune complexes
Term
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Definition
Mediated by T lymphocytes
Term
Type I Hypersensitivity
Definition
Immediate hypersensitivity
Term
Type I hypersensitivity
Definition
Anaphylaxis
Term
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Definition
Diagnostic skin test for tuberculosis
Term
Type II Hypersensitivity
Definition
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
Term
Type III Hypersensitivity
Definition
Purpura hemorrhagica following Streptococcus equi infection of horses (Strangles)
Term
Innate immunity
Definition
Displays a rapid response with each and every encounter
Term
Adaptive immunity
Definition
Displays a very high degree of specificity
Term
Innate immunity
Definition
Neutrophils are important mediators
Term
Adaptive immunity
Definition
Results in formation of memory cells
Term
Adaptive immunity
Definition
T lymphocytes are important mediators
Term
Secondary response
Definition
The response that displays a greater magnitude than the other
Term
Primary response
Definition
The response that is slower to develop than the other
Term
Neither primary nor secondary
Definition
The response that occurs in primary lymphatic tissue
Term
Humoral immunity
Definition
The response for which B lymphocytes are essential
Term
Cell mediated immunity
Definition
The response for which T lymphocytes are essential
Term
Humoral immunity
Definition
The response that is associated with immunologic memory
Term
Cell mediated immunity
Definition
The response that is more important for eliminating intracellular pathogens
Term
Active immunization
Definition
May provide cell-mediated immunity to animal
Term
Passive immunity
Definition
Provides immediate benefit to animal
Term
Active immunization
Definition
Stimulates immunologic memory
Term
Passive immunization
Definition
Transfer of antibodies to a susceptible animal
Term
Secondary immune deficiency
Definition
Infection by certain pathogens may cause this
Term
Both primary and secondary immune deficiency
Definition
May affect innate immunity
Term
Both primary and secondary immune deficiency
Definition
Occurs in secondary lymphatic tissues
Term
Primary lymphatic tissues
Definition
Central tolerance is established in these tissues
Term
Secondary lymphatic tissues
Definition
Lymph node
Term
Primary lymphatic tissues
Definition
Thymus
Term
Cytokines
Definition
Proteins that are signaling molecules, released by one cell and induce action in another cell; coordinate host defense mechanisms
Term
Neutralization
Definition
Inhibition of the binding of a toxin or pathogen to its cellular receptors
Term
PAMPs
Definition
Molecular structures found in microorganisms that are unlike any found in host animals
Term
Facultative intracellular pathogen
Definition
Microorganism that causes pathology and may replicate either inside or outside of host cells
Term
Commensal
Definition
A parasite that causes no discernible harm to its host
Term
Acute phase proteins
Definition
Plasma proteins whose concentration increases as part of the systemic response to inflammation
Term
Commensal
Definition
A parasite that does no discernible damage to host
Term
Virulence
Definition
The competency of an infectious agent in producing disease
Term
Acquired immunity
Definition
Humoral and cell-mediated immunity are both aspects of this
Term
Tears (eyes), urine (urinary tract)
Definition
Two examples of cleansing mechanisms at epithelial surfaces
Term
Normal microbial flora
Definition
Acquired early in life, competes with potential pathogens for attachment sites, competes with potential pathogens for nutrients, secretes substances that inhibit colonization by pathogens
Term
Bronchi
Definition
Portion of the respiratory system least likely to have a normal microbial flora
Term
Fever, lethargy, loss of appetite
Definition
3 systemic effects of local inflammation on the CNS
Term
Variable region
Definition
Term for that portion of an antigen that actually makes contact with an antibody
Term
Class I
Definition
Presents antigenic peptides to CD4 lymphocytes
Term
Both class I and class II
Definition
Transports irregular antigenic peptides to the plasma membrane
Term
Secondary lymphatic tissue
Definition
Spleen
Term
Primary lymphatic tissue
Definition
Ileocecal Peyer's Patch
Term
Secondary lymphatic tissue
Definition
axillary lymph node
Term
C3b, IgG
Definition
Two opsonins
Term
Dendritic cells
Definition
The cell that is most important for the initial activation of CD4 T Lymphocytes
Term
CD4 Lymphocytes
Definition
The cell that is most important for the initial activation of B lymphocytes
Term
B Lymphocytes
Definition
The cell whose major function is to secrete antibodies
Term
Th2 Lymphocytes
Definition
The cell whose major function is to recruit and activate eosinophils
Term
NK cells
Definition
Cells whose major function is to kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens
Term
B Lymphocytes
Definition
The cell found primarily in nodular lymphatic tissues
Term
IgM
Definition
Antibody class found primarily in plasma, with a very low concentration in tissues
Term
IgG
Definition
Antibody whose class plasma concentration is higher than all other classes
Term
IgA
Definition
Antibody class whose concentration in body secretions is higher than all other classes
Term
IgE
Definition
Antibody class found primarily bound to mast cells
Term
IgM
Definition
First antibody class expressed by B lymphocytes following maturation in primary lymphatic tissues
Term
Innate immunity relies on recognizing pathogen associated molecular patterns while the adaptive immunity recognizes specific antigens found on the pathogens. This difference allows the adaptive immune system to have a higher specificity than the innate system when recognizing and attacking pathogens
Definition
Differences between innate and adaptive immunity, in terms of their means of recognizing pathogens.
Term
The innate immune system is much faster to respond than the adaptive immune system. Parts of the innate immune system can be activated within minutes to hours, but the adaptive immune system can take days to be activated.
Definition
Describe the differences between innate and adaptive immunity, in terms of their timing.
Term
Immunologic memory stems from the recognition of a specific antigen by a T lymphocyte that then proliferates to form effector cells and memory cells. The memory cells become more numerous and their affinity grows for their antigen after each subsequent exposure. This allows for the adaptive immune system to respond quicker and more powerfully each time the specific antigen invades the body.
Definition
Explanation of the molecular and cellular basis of immunologic memory.
Term
IgG, IgM
Definition
Complement activation (2)
Term
CD8 T lymphocyte
Definition
kills host cells infected by intracellular pathogens
Term
IgA, IgG, IgM
Definition
Opsonization (3)
Term
CD4 Th2 lymphocyte
Definition
Recruits and activates eosinophils
Term
CD4 Th1 Lymphocyte
Definition
Recruits and activates macrophages
Term
IgG
Definition
Transferred into the newborn's plasma by ingestion of colostrum
Term
Recurrent infections, opportunistic infections
Definition
2 clinical indications of an immune deficiency syndrome in an animal
Term
Immediate hypersensitivity reaction
Definition
Type I hypersensitivity
Term
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Definition
Type IV hypersensitivity
Term
Type IV hypersensitivity
Definition
Allergic contact dermatitis
Term
Type I hypersensitivity
Definition
Canine atopic dermatitis
Term
Type III Hypersensitivity
Definition
Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
Term
Type III, IV Hypersensitivity
Definition
Immune mediated polyarthritis
Term
Type II Hypersensitivity
Definition
Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
Term
Type II hypersensitivity
Definition
Myasthenia gravis
Term
IgE
Definition
Type I Hypersensitivity antigen-specific mediator
Term
IgG, IgM
Definition
Type II hypersensitivity antigen-specific mediator (2)
Term
IgG
Definition
Type III hypersensitivity antigen-specific mediator
Term
CD4 T Lymphocytes, CD8 T lymphocytes
Definition
Type IV Hypersensitivity antigen-specific mediators (2)
Term
Histamine, Mast cells
Definition
Type I hypersensitivity non-specific mediators (2)
Term
Complement, Macrophages
Definition
Type II hypersensitivity non-specific mediators (2)
Term
Complement, Neutrophils
Definition
Type III hypersensitivity non-specific mediators (2)
Term
Cytokines, Macrophages
Definition
Type IV Hypersensitivity non-specific mediators (2)
Term
Inhalant, ingested
Definition
Two general categories or types of allergens
Term
Complement-mediated lysis of RBCs within vasculature
Definition
In immune mediated hemolytic anemia, intravascular hemolysis results from:
Term
Active immunization
Definition
Associated with administration of a toxoid
Term
Active immunization
Definition
Associated with cell-mediated immunity
Term
Passive immunization
Definition
Associated with immediate immunity with no lag time
Term
Active immunization
Definition
Associated with immunologic memory
Term
Yeast
Definition
Asexual, unicellular reproductive form of a fungus
Term
CD4, CD8
Definition
In presentation of antigen to T lymphocyes, what is the name of the cell that initially presents antigen and activates T lymphocytes?
Term
CD4 T lymphocytes
Definition
One class of T lymphocytes is initially the antigen presented with the antigen. This class of lymphocytes is named by the cell surface molecule that they express. What is in this class, or molecule?
Term
Th1 or Th2
Definition
When this class of T lymphocyte differentiates, it may become one of two classes of lymphocytes, each with different effector functions. Those two functional classes are ______ or ______
Term
IL-2
Definition
Which cytokine is required for proliferation of most T lymphocytes?
Term
CD8 T lymphocytes
Definition
Another class of T lymphocytes, called Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc), is responsible for killing cells that are infected with intracellular pathogens. This class of lymphocytes is named by the cell surface molecule that they express. What is this class, or molecule?
Term
Animal reservoirs, carrier hosts, environment, stress
Definition
Sources of infectious agents
Term
Septicemia
Definition
Presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the bloodstream, with signs of disease
Term
Saprophyte
Definition
Microorganisms that normally inhabit the inanimate environment
Term
Iatrogenic
Definition
Infection that results from the activity of a veterinarian
Term
Reservoir
Definition
A species that can serve as an alternate host for a microorganism
Term
Adaptive immunity
Definition
In this branch of the immune system, recognition is based on precise arrangements of amino acids or polysaccharides that are unique to a species or even strain of pathogen
Term
Acquired immunity
Definition
This branch of the immune system is characterized by its ability to respond more rapidly upon subsequent encounters with a pathogen
Term
Specific immunity
Definition
T and B lymphocytes are essential components of this branch of the immune system
Term
Loss of peristalsis in intestinal tract, long-term antibacterial therapy, significant dietary changes
Definition
The normal microbial flora of the digestive tract may be disrupted by all of the following:
Term
Epithelial damage and disruption of mucociliary transport
Definition
A very significant potential effect of viral infection on the respiratory tract is:
Term
Antimicrobial substances in tears, the cleansing effect of tears, secretory IgA in tears, NOT mucus layer that traps foreign particles
Definition
The surface of the eye are protected by all of the following mechanisms:
Term
Collectins, exposed basement membranes of host tissues, microbial cell walls, NOT defensins
Definition
The complement system may be activated by all of the following:
Term
Mast cell activation, microbial killing, attract or recruit neutrophils, opsonization, NOT neutralization
Definition
Following activation, complement components can perform all of the following functions
Term
C3b, IgG
Definition
Two key opsonins
Term
Hydroxyl radical, hypochlorite
Definition
The two products of the respiratory burst that are most effective at killing ingested microorganisms
Term
Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte emigration
Definition
Three microvascular processes that occur in acute inflammation
Term
Histamine, Prostaglandin E2
Definition
Directly contributes to increased blood flow at the site of acute inflammation
Term
Leukotriene B4, chemokines
Definition
Responsible for chemotaxis of neutrophils through tissues
Term
Interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha
Definition
Responsible for fever associated with acute inflammation
Term
Passive immunization
Definition
Administration of antitoxin
Term
Passive immmunization
Definition
Confers immunity without a lag time
Term
Active immunization
Definition
Establishes immunologic memory in the recipient
Term
Infection may result in self antigens from damaged tissue to be presented by activated dendritic cells, certain microbial antigens may activate lymphocytes that cross-react with self antigens, the inflammation and tissue damage in infection may result in self antigens being presented to T lymphocytes at higher concentrations than usual, NOT absence of Treg lymphocytes in infection may lead to activation of lymphocytes that recognize self antigens
Definition
Potential role of infection in inducing autoimmunity
Term
Dilute and or remove the injurious agent and any tissue debris from the site of injury, prepare the tissue for repair and healing
Definition
The two essential functions of acute inflammation
Term
Fibrinogen
Definition
In cattle and horses, the acute-phase protein that can be measured clinically as an indicator of inflammation
Term
Induce cells to synthesize proteins that inhibit viral replication
Definition
Antiviral actions of interferons are based on their ability to
Term
NK cells, Th1 lymphocytes
Definition
The two major sources of interferon-y are:
Term
Cloacal bursa
Definition
The site of maturation of B lymphocytes from precursor cells in birds
Term
Thymus
Definition
The site of maturation of T lymphocytes from precursor cells in birds
Term
Spleen
Definition
The lymphatic tissue that filters antigens from the blood stream
Term
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
Definition
The microanatomic site populated by T lymphocytes
Term
Secrete antibodies
Definition
Function of B lymphocytes
Term
Activate macrophages
Definition
Function of Th1 lymphocytes
Term
Kill cells infected by intracellular parasites
Definition
Function of Tc lymphocytes
Term
Inhibit adaptive immune responses
Definition
Function of Treg lymphocytes
Term
High molecular complexity, large molecular size, polysaccharides, proteins, NOT lipids
Definition
Features of a good antigen include all of the following:
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