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Definition
| pathogens that replicate outside the cell |
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| pathogens that replicate inside the cell |
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| system of plasma proteins that marks pathogens for destruction |
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| first line of defense for the innate immune response when a pathogen penetrates the epithelium |
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| involves proteases in which each protease cleaves and activates the next enzyme in the pathway |
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Definition
| during infection, is cleaved into C3a and C3b |
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Definition
| when C3b binds to the pathogen's surface and tags the pathogen for destruction by phagocytes |
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Definition
| acts as a chemoattractant to recruit effector cells |
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| Mannose-binding lectin binds to pathogen carbohydrates |
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| activated by the C-reactive protein that binds to phosphocholine, a surface molecule of many bacteria |
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Definition
| activated by antibody that has bound the pathogens surface |
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Definition
| determine the extent and site of C3b deposition |
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Definition
| increases the speed and power of complement activation by stabilizing the complement proteins C3bBb on the microbial surface |
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Term
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF)
Membrane co-factor protein (MCP) |
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Definition
| binds to the C3b component of the alternative C3 convertase, causing dissociation and inactivation |
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Term
| Phagocytosis by macrophages |
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Definition
| the first line of cellular defense against invading microorganism |
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Definition
| mature monocytes that reside in tissue |
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Definition
| Bridge between the adaptive and innate immune response |
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Definition
| contain receptors that bind to complement proteins (CR1, CR3, CR4) |
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Definition
| on activation the soluble C4b fragment initiates assembly of the MAC |
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Definition
| activated by blood vessel damage; cascade of plasma enzymes that forms blood clots, immobilizing microorganisms and preventing them from entering the blood and lymph |
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Definition
Anaphylatoxins
Induce vasodilation
Induce effector cell recruitment |
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Term
| Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) |
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Definition
| acute-phase protein produced by liver hepatodytes in response to the cytokine IL-6 |
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Term
| Classical C3 convertase (C4bC2a) |
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Definition
| bound by C3 and the complement cascade is activated |
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Definition
| major component of blood clots; release substances including prostaglandins, hydrolytic enzymes, growth factors, and molecules that contribute to antimicrobial defense, wound healing, and inflammation |
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Definition
| counter surface proteases that microorganisms use to digest or break down human tissues |
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Definition
| 35-40 amino acids, rich in + charged arginine residues, with three intrachain disulfide bonds |
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Definition
| expressed primarily by neutrophils and Paneth cells |
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Definition
| expressed by a range of epithelial cells |
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Definition
| receptors and plasma proteins that recognize microbial carbohydrates |
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Definition
| present on macrophages; binds to negatively charged molecules |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| initiated when scavanger receptor binds to a microorganism |
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Definition
| fuses with cellular organelles called lysosomes forming phagolysosomes |
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Definition
| loaded with digestive enzymes and toxic substances that destroy the pathogen |
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Definition
| bind to pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)and sense the presense of infection; initiate expression of cytokine genes |
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Definition
| initiate the type of adaptive immune response against a pathogen |
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Definition
| a transcription factor centrally involved in bacterial responses |
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Term
| Transcription factor interferon |
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Definition
| produces antiviral cytokines, important for viruses |
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Definition
| activate additional effector cells |
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Term
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Definition
| recruit additional effector cells |
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Term
| Polymorphonuclear leukocytes |
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Definition
variable irregular shape of the nuclei
primary role is to engulf and destroy pathogens
circulate the blood and are recruited and activated by macrophages
most abundant yet short-lived white blood cell that when they die pus is formed |
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Term
| specific (secondary) granules |
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Definition
| contain unsaturated lactoferrin, which competes with pathogens for iron and copper by binding to proteins that contain these metals |
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Term
| Azurophilic (primary) granules |
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Definition
| packed with proteins and peptides that disrupt and digest pathogens |
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Definition
| raise body temperature and activate hapatocytes to make the acute-phase response |
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| molecules that induce fever |
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| initiated by cytokines to induce the synthesis of acute-phase proteins |
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Definition
| crossing between endothelial cells |
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| Interactions that enable leukocytes to cross the endothelial layers |
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Definition
| Rolling adhesion, tight binding, diapedesis, migration |
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Definition
| molecules on the surface of leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells (cells lining blood vessels) |
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