Shared Flashcard Set

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Important Topics
University at Buffalo
64
Architecture
Undergraduate 2
09/23/2014

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
sustainable development
Definition
meeting needs of present without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Term
Concentration of Indoor Air Pollutants Vs. Outdoors
Definition
10:1
Term
How much of the world's energy do US commercial and residential buildings use?
Definition
8.4%
Term
worldwide ecological footprint per person
Definition
4.5 biologically productive acres
Term
US ecological footprint per person
Definition
24 biologically productive acres
Term
How many earths are needed to sustain US lifestyle?
Definition
5.3 planets
Term
Where should one avoid building?
Definition
wetlands
hillsides
floodplains
Term
What is the LEED system?
Definition
leading-edge system for certifying design, construction, and operations of the greenest buildings in the world
Term
What does LEED stand for?
Definition
LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
Term
4 Levels of LEED?
Definition
Green, Silver, Gold, and Platinum
Term
What effect does the tilt of the Earth hold on climate?
Definition
seasons
Term
Azimuth
Definition
the horizontal angular position of an object in the sky (or above the horizon) measured east or west of south (northeast = 135°E; southwest = 45°W; south = 0°; north = 180°)
Term
Altitude
Definition
the vertical angular position of an object in the sky above the horizon (horizon = 0°; vertical =
90°)
Term
Zenith
Definition
directly overhead; 90° altitude angle.
Term
purpose of sundials in architectural models?
Definition
lighting of buildings
Term
what is a sun angle?
Definition
allowing both shade and sunlight to enter through a window of a building at repective times
Term
heat transfer and the human body
Definition
[image]
Term
how do humans excrete the most heat from their bodies?
Definition
radiation, convection, conduction (72%)
evaporation from skin (15%)
Term
how does the human body remove excess heat?
Definition
radiation, convection, and conduction (72%)
Term
How does the body alter blood supply in order to mantain homestasis?
Definition
[image]
Term
thermal comfort
Definition
“Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that
expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment;
it requires subjective evaluation.”
Term
what is radiant energy?
Definition
electromagnetic spectrum of light (rainbow colors)
Term
factors in thermal comfort
Definition
• Air temperature (ta)
• Mean Radiant Temperature (tr
)
• Relative Humidity (rh)
• Air Speed
• Clothing (clo)
• Metabolic Rate (met)
Term
is their a small window available for thermal comfort?
Definition
“Thermal comfort is possible in a
wide range of conditions,
provided adaptive behavior is
possible.”
Term
Is the air cleaner indoors or outdoors?
Definition
outdoors
Term
concentration of indoor air pollutants to outdoor air pollutants
Definition
10:1
Term
How much time do people in industrialized nations spend their time?
Definition
90% of time
Term
Indoor Air Pollutant Trio
Definition
Source
Pathway
Occupant
Term
What are some organ systems at a higher risk of negative exposure due to high concentrations of indoor air pollutants?
Definition
respiratory
kidney
Term
Top Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
Definition
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
• Biological Agents
• Volatile Organic Compounds
Term
true false: building materials ranging from carpet to paint ect. have many compounds that affect indoor air quality
Definition
true
Term
what is light?
Definition
“radiant energy that is capable of exciting
the human retina and creating a visual sensation”
or simply “visually evaluated radiant energy.”
Term
what are hertz
Definition
“a unit of frequency equal to one cycle per
second” (e.g. 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second)
Term
what do hertz measure
Definition
frequency of musical tones.
Term
are human beings capable of seeing most rays of light?
Definition
no only electromagnetic waves
Term
can human beings see all kinds of electromagnetic radiation?
Definition
There is much more electromagnetic radiation
present in the atmosphere than is perceivable by
the human eye.
Term
radiant energy
Definition
energy from electromagnetic radiation
Term
Radiometry
Definition
measure of radiant energy
Term
Photometry
Definition
“Measurement of radiation in terms
of human visual response.”
Term
is the eye a relatively simple organ?
Definition
NO, there are a system of muscles, rods, cones, and parts that function together
Term
What was significant about the AMES room?
Definition
false cues to distance will break size constancy.
(IESNA Handbook, 9th Edition)
Term
3 factors in visual acuity: THE OBSERVER
Definition
- Condition of the eyes
- Adaptation level
- Fatigue leve
Term
what are some common refractive errors?
Definition
myopia (nearsightedness)
hyperopia (farsightedness)
astigmatism (lens imbalance)
presbyopia (lack of adjustment)
Term
Factors in Visual Acuity: THE TASK
Definition
- Size
- Contrast
- Brightness
- Exposure time
Term
Factors in Visual Acuity: Lighting Condition
Definition
- Illumination level
- Glare
Term
Luminous Intensity (units and definition)
Definition
(candela, or cd)
power or luminous
energy of a light source
Term
Luminous Flux (units and definition)
Definition
(lemen or lm)
the quantity of luminous
energy falling on one square unit of the sphere's surface
Term
Illuminance (definition and units)
Definition
(lux, or lx)
the concentration of luminous flux
falling on a surface, i.e. the incident flux per unit area
(lm/m2 )
Term
Luminance (units and definition)
Definition
(candelas/ sq. meter or cd/m2)
“reflected light”, relates directly to brightness, i.e. the visual effect
that illumination produces
Term
Recommended Maximum Luminance Ratios
Definition
1 to 1/3 - Between task and adjacent surroundings
1 to 1/10 - Between task and more remote darker surfaces
1 to 10 - Between task and more remote lighter surfaces
1 to 20 - Between surfaces and luminaires
1 to 40 - Anywhere within the normal field of view
Term
should architects rely solely on what kind of lighting technique?
Definition
No, they should aim for usage of layered zones of electric and natural lighting for total illuminance
Term
What 3 properties affect perception?
Definition
sources (sound), receivers(to hear), interventers (to block -wall)
Term
frequency (units and definition)
Definition
the number of ties the cycle of
compression and rarefaction of air occurs in a given
unit of time, usually expressed in Hertz (Hz)
Term
wavelength
Definition
the distance between similar points on
successive waves, or the distance the sound travels
in one cycle; (meters/feet)
Term
Magnitude (SPL / IL)
Definition
the strength of a sound (not loudness),
usually expressed as a sound pressure level (SPL), or
sound intensity level, or intensity level (IL).
Term
does a certain source allow for better sound/ travel through it?
Definition
yes. open sources (air) allow for a more open path than dense sources (aluminum)
Term
I = P / A
Definition
I= Intensity (power) ... (Watts/cm^2)
P = acoustic power ...(watts)
A = Area
Term
dB = 10log I / Io
Definition
dB = intensity level
I = intensity (watts/ cm^2)
Io = base (threshold of hearing)
log = logarithm to base 10
Term
degree of intensity vs. intensity level
Definition
0.0000000000000001 W/ cm^2 = 0 db
while
0.001 W/ cm^2 = 130 db
Term
degree of intensity vs. intensity level
Definition
degree of intensity vs. intensity level
Term
watt
Definition
rate of energy conversion
Term
volt
Definition
energy unit measuring potential
Term
LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS
Definition
…the fundamental architectural problem becomes
visible only in the house ravaged by fire…
Term
How are life safety systems determined?
Definition
Life Safety Systems are determined by a
combination of use, occupancy +
construction type
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