Term
| gastrulation among species |
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Definition
| varies: through primitive streak or embryonic shield or blastopore, etc. |
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Term
| how does the ectoderm change during gastrulation? |
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Definition
cells differentiate into neurons
[image] |
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Term
| What happens when you relocate early/late gastrula cells; what do they become? |
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Definition
| Ectoderm change during gastrulation is remembered[image] |
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Term
| What interaction leads to nervous system induction? |
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Definition
The interaction of mesoderm with ectoderm
(organizer: dorsal lip of blastopore) |
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Term
| characteristics of inducing agent |
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Definition
survives organizer cell death, freezing, boiling, and acid treatment
destroyed by heating to neural 150 degrees |
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Term
| how to make epidermis cells instead of neurons from ectoderm |
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Definition
| cell-cell interaction blocking neurilization[image] |
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Term
| what receptor protein, if misexpressed, will lead to neuron formation instead of epidermal cells'? |
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Definition
| TGF-β (dominant negative)[image] |
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Term
| Name ways to block protein function |
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Definition
- transgenic knockout,
- induce mutation in gene leading to nonfunctional protein, block translation with siRNA,
- outcompete protein by introducing dominant negative protein
- use a drug to interfere with the function of a protein
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Term
induced neurons lose expression of this protein
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Definition
| bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4); a TGF-β family member |
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Term
| What protein blocks neuralization to promote epidermal fate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the process of BMP signaling |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 proteins that can neuralize animal cap cells |
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Definition
noggin, chordin, follistatin
[image] |
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Term
| what expresses the proteins that neuralize cells? |
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Definition
| noggin, chordin, and follistatin secreted, expressed by the organizer and later by the notochord |
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Term
| How do noggin, chordin, and follistatin interact with BMP4? |
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Definition
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Term
| result of knockouts of noggin, chordin, and/or follistatin |
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Definition
| little change from a single knockout, huge change to barely any nervous system development with two knocked out |
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Term
| Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) actions (expressed by organizer) |
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Definition
allows noggin, chordin, and follistatin to be active
induces Sox2 expression |
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Term
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Definition
| defines neuralized cells[image] |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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