Term
|
Definition
| simple organisms similar to plants but withuot chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
| Can fungi make their own food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are fungi? Where do they live? |
|
Definition
| parasites, most live on skin or mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What is candidiasis caused by? |
|
Definition
| the fungi candida albicans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the oral flora, opportunistic infection when predisposing factors exist |
|
|
Term
| What are some things that may cause candidiasis? |
|
Definition
-acidic saliva
-xerostomia
-nocturnal denture wearing
-antibiotics
-steriods
-diabetes
-HIV
-old age/infancy
-immunologic disorders
-radiation/chemo therapy |
|
|
Term
| What are the different classifications of oral candidiasis? |
|
Definition
-acute psuedomembranous (thrush)
-atrophic(erythematous)
-denture stomatitis
-chronic hyperplastic
-angular chelitis
-median rhomboid glossitis |
|
|
Term
| What is acute pseudomembranous (thrush)? |
|
Definition
-appears as while, creamy, curd-like plaque
-can be wiped away, leaving a red surface |
|
|
Term
| What is atrophic (erythematous) |
|
Definition
| appears as a red, flat lesions on the dorsum of tongue or palate |
|
|
Term
| What is denture stomatitis? |
|
Definition
| appears as erythematous candida but only in areas covered by denture or partial |
|
|
Term
| What is chronic hyperplastic? |
|
Definition
| appears as a white lesion that CANNOT be wiped off |
|
|
Term
| What is angular chelitis? |
|
Definition
| erythemia or fissuring at the corners of the mouth |
|
|
Term
| What is median rhomboid glossitis? |
|
Definition
| appears as an erythematous, rhomboid shaped area on the midline of the dorsum of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What are deep fungal infections? |
|
Definition
| chronic infections of the lungs, caused by inhalation of spores |
|
|
Term
| Are these oral lesions seen in deep fungal infections? |
|
Definition
| all can have oral lesion consisting of chronic ulcers resembling a malignancy |
|
|
Term
| What are deep fungal infections treated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are some endemic areas for deep fungal infetions? |
|
Definition
-histoplasmosis and blastoycosis- seen in the mississippi and ohio river valleys
-coccidiodomycosis- seen in san joaquin valley in california |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intracellular parasites, consists of a nucleic acid(DNA) core with a protein coat |
|
|
Term
| Can virus' multiply on their own? |
|
Definition
| no, they must invade a host and insert their genetic code into the host's genetic code |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which a virus leaves a cell it has infected to infect another, or they can burst the cell membrane, killing it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time that they virus is multiplying but not causing symptoms and may not be detected by the host's immune system |
|
|
Term
| Are there many therapeutic agents for virus's? |
|
Definition
| no, we usually have to count on our immune system to develop antibodies and deal with them |
|
|
Term
| How are virus classified? |
|
Definition
| according to shape, DNA or RNA |
|
|
Term
| What is HPV? How many different types of HPV is there? |
|
Definition
| human papilloma virus, over 100 different types |
|
|
Term
| What does HPV-2 and HPV-4 cause? |
|
Definition
| Verruca Vulgaris(common wart) a common skin lesion |
|
|
Term
| What does HPV-6 and 11 cause? |
|
Definition
| condyloma acumination (genital warts) |
|
|
Term
| What does HPV-16, 18, and 31 cause? |
|
Definition
| neoplastic lesions and have been found in 95% of cervical and anogenital cancers |
|
|
Term
| What type of HPV's are most frequently sexually transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other type of caner is HPV linked to? |
|
Definition
| oral cancer, seen in about 25% of cases |
|
|
Term
| What is the HPV virus like? |
|
Definition
| cinsists of numerous finger-like projections |
|
|
Term
| Were are are the HOV viral particles found? |
|
Definition
| in the spinous layer of the epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What are the different Herpes viruses? |
|
Definition
-Herpes Simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)
-Hepres Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2)
-other Herpes Simplex viruses(6,7,8) oncogenic potential
-varicella-zooster virus (VZV)
-epstein-barr virus (EBV)
-cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
|
|
Term
| Where does herpes simplex enter? |
|
Definition
| through breaks in the epithelium |
|
|
Term
| HSV-1 occurs in lesions BLANK the waist, HSV-2 occurs in lesions BLANK the waist. |
|
Definition
| HSV-1 occurs in lesions above the waist, HSV-2 occurs in lesions below the waist. |
|
|
Term
| How does the herpes simplex virus work? |
|
Definition
| patients have a period of infection followed by a state of latency |
|
|
Term
| Do most cases of primary infection cause clinical lesions? |
|
Definition
| no, most do not produce clinical lesions, the patient is usually unaware that they have been infected |
|
|
Term
| Where does herpes simplex lay dormant? |
|
Definition
| lays dormant in the nerve ganglion where it is protected from detection of the immune system therapeutic agents |
|
|
Term
| What are some triggers for repeated occurrences of herpes simplex virus? |
|
Definition
stress
trauma
cold
sunlight
fever
menstrual cycle
certain foods |
|
|
Term
| How long is the incubation period of the herpes simplex virus? |
|
Definition
| 1-26 days, saliva highly contagious at this stage and during the vesicular stage |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary infection of varicella zoster called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the recurrent form of herpes called? |
|
Definition
| herpes zoster or shingles |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions in varicella-zooster like? |
|
Definition
| in the epithelium, fluid-filled vesicles that rupture and crust |
|
|
Term
| What age is chicken pox usually seen in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is chicken pox spread? |
|
Definition
| by air droplets of contact with active lesions |
|
|
Term
| How long is the incubation period of chicken pox? What are the lesions like? |
|
Definition
-2 weeks
-patient develops maculopapular rash beginning on the face and trunk |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of the lesions seen with chicken pox? (4) |
|
Definition
1.erythemia
2.vesicle
3.pustule
4.crust |
|
|
Term
| New lesions will appear for how long? |
|
Definition
| a week so the patient will have a mex of old and new |
|
|
Term
| How do the oral lesions of chicken pox appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there a vaccine available for chicken pox? |
|
Definition
| yes, efficiency drops after several years though, booster vaccine may be required |
|
|
Term
| How common is shingles? What groups is it seen in? |
|
Definition
-occurs in 10-20% of the pop
-most common in elderly and immunocompromised |
|
|
Term
| How do the lesions in shingles appear? |
|
Definition
| as unilateral vesicular rash outlining the affected nerve |
|
|
Term
| How long do the ulcers in shingles last? |
|
Definition
-last 2-3 weeks, usually heal within a month
-healed area may remain sensitive for months to years |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for shingles? |
|
Definition
| antiviral medication, acyclovir is effective if started within 72 hours |
|
|
Term
| What does the epstein-barr virus do? |
|
Definition
| seeks out b-lymphocytes, the means by whivh if gains access to the epithelial cells of the oro/nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
| What does the epstein-barr virus cause? |
|
Definition
-infectious mononucleosis
-burkitt lymphoma
-hairy leukoplakia
-nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| How is the epstein-barr virus transmitted? How many people harbor the virus? |
|
Definition
-transmitted through saliva
-90 of adult pop harbors the virus |
|
|
Term
| When does initial exposure to the epstein-barr virus usually occur? |
|
Definition
-initial exposure usually occurs as a child, the infection is usually mild or subclinical
-infection as an adult frequently leads to infectious mono |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of infectious mono? |
|
Definition
-lymphadenopathy
-malaise
-pharyngitis
-fatigue
-fever
-thrombocytopenia
-splenomegaly |
|
|
Term
| What are the intraoral signs of infectious mono? |
|
Definition
| multiple petechiae of the soft palate, often appears before other signs |
|
|
Term
| How long does infectious mono usually persist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are coxsackie viruses? |
|
Definition
| family of RNA viruses that includes the rhinoviruses(cold) |
|
|
Term
| What is the entry of the coxsackie virus? |
|
Definition
| through the oropharynx and GI tract |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of coxsackie viruses? |
|
Definition
| A(affects oral region) & B |
|
|
Term
| What are some Coxsackie A viruses? What do they affect? |
|
Definition
-affect the oral region
-herpangina
-hand, foot, and mouth disease
-acute lymphonodular pharyngitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-a nontreatable, mild infection spread by air droplets or saliva
-octen occurs in outbreaks among school children |
|
|
Term
| What are the oral manifestations of herpangina? |
|
Definition
-localized to the posterior soft palate and nasopharynx
-multiple shallow ulcers(resembles herpes) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms and what is the treatment of herpangina? |
|
Definition
-sore throat, mild fever, short duration
-no treatment necessary |
|
|
Term
| Is hand, foot, and mouth disease contagious? What age do we usually see outbreaks in? |
|
Definition
-highly contagious
-outbreaks in children 1-5 |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of hand, foot, and mouth disease? How long do they last? |
|
Definition
-mild symptoms, last 1-2 weeks
-low grade fever, nausea, and small vesicles on palms of hands and soles of feet |
|
|
Term
| What happens 1-2 days after the initial vesilcles erupt in hand, foot, and mouth disease? What is the treatment? |
|
Definition
-oral vesicles and ulcers appear, usually in the anterior area
-self limiting, no treatment neccessary |
|
|
Term
| What is acute lymponodular pharyngitis? |
|
Definition
| localized infection of the lymphoid tissue of the soft palate |
|
|
Term
| What do the lesions in lymponodular pharyngitis look like? How long is the incubation period? |
|
Definition
-yellow or white papules surrounded by erythmateous zone
-incubation period of 2-10 days |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of lymponodular pharyngitis? How long does it last? |
|
Definition
-mild headache, fever, sore throat
-lasts 1-2 weeks, self limiting |
|
|
Term
| How is measules, mumps, and rubella(MMR) spread? |
|
Definition
| spread through respiratory droplets |
|
|
Term
| What is the uncubation period of measles? When are you infectious? |
|
Definition
-incubation period of 10-12 days
-infectious 2 days before you are symptomatic |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of measles? |
|
Definition
-fever
-malaise
-conjunctivitis
-cought
-erythematous maculopapular rash (1st on face) |
|
|
Term
| What are the complications of measles? |
|
Definition
| pneumonia and encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the unique oral lesions called that develops with measles? |
|
Definition
| Kopliks spots, develop early and appear as multiple bluish-white macules within areas of erythema |
|
|
Term
| Are there any prevention methods for measles? |
|
Definition
| vaccine for measles since 1963, 95% effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primarily effects the salivary glands, parotid most frequently |
|
|
Term
| What is the swelling of the salivary glands like in mumps? |
|
Definition
| usually bilateral swelling, 25% of the time is unilateral |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of mumps? |
|
Definition
| low-grade fever, headache, malaise, painful eating |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for mumps? |
|
Definition
| yes, since 1967, resurgence in cases among older children due to lack of vaccine or vaccination failure |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for rubella? Is rubella serious? |
|
Definition
-German measles
-no, it is a mild illness, the danger is in birth defects caused to developing fetus |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the birth defects seen with rubella? What is the classic triad of birth defects? |
|
Definition
-death
-mental retardation
-encephalitis
**classic triad is: deafness, heart disease, and cataracts** |
|
|
Term
| Is the rubella disease generally dangerous? Is there a vaccine for it? |
|
Definition
-generally mild, often subclinical
-vaccine since 1969 |
|
|
Term
| What happens in HIV? (Human immunodeficiency virus) |
|
Definition
| virus blocks macrophage & T-helped cells from recognizing it as an antigen |
|
|
Term
| Where does the HIV virus replicate itself? What does it do to killer t cells? |
|
Definition
-replicates in the t cells and macrophages
-T killer cells turned off |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal T killer to T suppressor ratio? What does it become in HIV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some opportunistic fungal infections seen in HIV? What about bacterial? |
|
Definition
Fungal- candidiasis
Bacterial- periodontitis, NUP (necrotizing ulcerative periodinitits) |
|
|
Term
| What are some opportunistic viral infections seen in HIV? |
|
Definition
-Herpes simplex-1
-herpes zoster
-HPV |
|
|
Term
| What are some opportunistic neoplasms seen in HIV? |
|
Definition
-Kaposi's Sarcoma
-Non-Hodhkin's lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of bacterial lesions? (4) |
|
Definition
-TB
-Atypical gingivitis and periodontitis
-Linear gingical erythema(LGE)
-Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) |
|
|
Term
| What appears with Linear gingival erythema(LGE)? |
|
Definition
-spontaneous bleeding
-petechiae lesions on attached gingiva
-bandlike erythemia of the gingiva that does not respond to therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pain
-spontaneous bleeding
-interproximal necrosis
-rapid bone loss |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of viral lesions? |
|
Definition
-HSV
-Herpes Zoster
-Epstein Barr(hairy leukoplakia)
-HPV |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions with HSV like? |
|
Definition
| persisitant, superficial, painful ulcers |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions with herpes zoster like? |
|
Definition
| unilateral, self-limiting |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions with Epstein barr virus called? What are they like? What are these lesions a classic marker of? |
|
Definition
-Hairy leukoplakia
-corrugated hyperkeratosis on the lateral borders of the tongue
-may extend to dorsal and ventral surfaces-
HIV classic marker |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions with HPV like? |
|
Definition
| warts of either normal or erythema |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common neoplasm? What is it's etiology? |
|
Definition
-Kaposi sarcoma
-caused by Herpes Virus-8 |
|
|
Term
| What is Kaposi sarcoma like? |
|
Definition
-angiosarcoma of the endothelium of blood and lymph vessels
-dark red-blue, flat, exophytic, painless |
|
|
Term
| Where is Kaposi sarcoma found? |
|
Definition
| found on palate, bilaterally corresponding to the path of the palatine arteries |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of other neoplasms? |
|
Definition
-non hodgkin's lymphoma
-squamous cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What are three ways that Non-Hodkin's lymphoma can appear? |
|
Definition
-nonulcerated
-necrotic
-ulcerated masses |
|
|
