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INR 3403 Gould FIU
International Law test #3
55
International Studies
Undergraduate 3
05/02/2016

Additional International Studies Flashcards

 


 

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Term
ICJ (International Court of Justice)
Definition
Its main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by states and to give advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international organs, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.
Term
Jurisdiction
Definition
cannot be Subject to any law or court, you have not given jurisdiction
Term
Contentious Jurisdiction
Definition
- Basic State v. State lawsuit (there is a plaintiff and a defendant case)
- Only states can be parties
- This type of jurisdiction is dependent upon state consent to be part of ICJ.
Term
Optional Clause
Definition
- Allows states to make declarations accepting the Court's jurisdiction as compulsory
- Court automatically has jurisdiction over you
- States can make reservation and they have to be reciprocal
Term
Advisory Jurisdiction
Definition
This type of jurisdiction allows the ICJ to give opinions that are only consultative in character, though they are influential and widely respected.
UN can ask for advice on any topic.
Not legally binding decisions!
Term
Incidental Jurisdiction
Definition
Deals with incidental matters that arise when case is already in court to interpret/or revise decisions.
Doesn’t require state consent.
- impose provisional methods of protections or interum measures of protections
- Allows a third party to join a case: intervention
Term
Provisional Measures
Definition
Court freezes situation as it is right now.
Prevents aggravation of situation. It freezes the case completely as it is currently and no party is allowed to take any action. This does not require state consent and protects all party’s rights while case is in court.
- Only imposed is 'irreparable damage is imminent"
Term
Traditional Law on the use of force
Definition
very few restrictions in regard to use of force.
a)Jus ad bellum: permissibility to enter into forceful acts
b)Jus in bello: legitimate conduct while in conflict
c) Jus cogens: war of aggression and War of contest
Term
Cohercive measures
Definition
1) Retorsion: when you do something hostile, that is legal but you wouldn’t do otherwise a breach had occurred
2) Reprisal: you do something illegal, but International Law allows it because you were a victim of violation of international law. International law says it has to be proportionate to the injury suffered. Cannot include the use of force.
Term
Naulilaa Arbritration (Portugal v. Germany)
Definition
The arbitrators said that prerequisites to legitimate use of reprisal has to be any act contrary to international law.
Legitimate use for reprisal is:
- attempt to settle things peacefully
- act must be proportionate to the injury suffered
Term
Self Defense
Definition
Can only invoke conduct that is contrary to their international obligations. You have this right once an armed attack against you has occurred.
Term
Pre-emptive self defense
Definition
- use of force to protect nationals abroad
- cannot strike first
Term
The Caroline Case (US v. UK)
Definition
- British protested arrest of Canadian troop, said that the attack was a sovereign act of self defense by the UK.
- Limitations to Self Defense:
1) needs to be instant
2) Overwhelming
3) no choice of means
4) No time to deliberate
Term
Anticipatory Self-Defense
Definition
- Legitimate form
- Meets Caroline Criteria
- The attack is imminent
Term
Interceptive Self-Defense
Definition
- no legitimate form
- this is not allowed
- the attack is unforeseeable
Term
Intervention
Definition
- Intervention by Inviitation
- Humanitarian Intervention
- Intervention in Civil War
- Intervention to protect nationals
Term
Intervention by Invitation
Definition
one state inviting another to get involved in affairs; requirements:
1. request is not made ultra vires
2. burden of proof of the invitation is on the state that intervenes
Term
Humanitarian Intervention
Definition
use of force in order to stop violations of human rights and values; requirements: 1. immediate and extensive threat to human rights;
2. intervention is stricly limited to stopping the violation of jus cogens
Term
Intervention in civil War
Definition
Term
Intervention to Protect Nationals
Definition
proposed criteria from ICJ:
1. imminent threat of injury to nationals; 2. failure of the state to protect nationals;
3. measures stricly limited to what is necessary to save lives
Term
Collective use of force
Definition
included in the covenant of league of nations: failed attempt to have connected use of force to ensure each others sovereignty. If a country of the league goes to war, their allies may go with them if they agree.
Term
Humanitarian Law
Definition
Universal Declaration of Human rights
a)International Covenant on civil and political rights
b) International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights
Term
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Definition
- It's purpose was to identify the rights and freedoms of every individual. Deals with the fields of Human Rights: civil, political, economic, cultural, social. Lists list of rights that is recognized by the universal declaration is the right to life, liberty, the security of a person, due process, freedom of conscious, freedom of expression, right to property, right to return to your country, prohibits torture. It has become BINDING
Term
International covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Definition
- Has all of the civil and personal declaration except the right to not be arbitrarily deprived from property.
Term
1st Optional Protocol
Definition
- Drafted after the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
- It deals with allowing individuals to bring complaints to the UN Human Rights Committee
- states cannot withdraw from this protocol
Term
2nd optional protocol
Definition
- Drafted after the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
- Deals with the abolition of the death penalty. If a state ratifies this optional protocol, no one within jurisdiction can be executed except in times of war.
- states cannot withdraw from this protocol
Term
International covenant on Economic,social and Cultural Rights
Definition
- It is not just a list of rights. It describes and defines all of these rights. It also outlines the steps that need to be taken to achieve these rights and the standards of compliance for such. Steps must be non-discriminatory.
Term
UN Human Rights Committee
Definition
- Created by: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Committee deals with compliance. Not enforcement because it doesn't have power to enforce (only recommendations)
- Their job: to make sure that the states comply with their human rights obligations
- It has 18 members, serving in an individual capacity (lawyers, experts, etc)
Term
Report System
Definition
- Originally, the committee's primary job: to examine reports that states are required to submit.
- No authority to investigate or verify these reports without state consent
- Representatives present the report to the Committee ad the Committee presents questions to the Representatives about the report.
Term
Interstate Complaint Mechanism
Definition
- This is an optional procedure under Human Rights Committee
- One country accuses another of violating human rights contained on the civil and political Covenant
- This has never been used
Term
Individual Complaint Mechanism
Definition
- If you are a victim of a violation of HR, you can file a complaint on the Human Right Comittee
- Only countries that are parties of the first optional protocol can have individuals from their countries file complaints
-Requirements: a) exhaust local remedies, b) cant make anonymous submission c) your complaint cant be under investigation at another human right body at the same time.
Term
UN High Commissioner of Human Rights
Definition
- Ranged below the UN secretary general
- Main goal is to play an active role in removing the obstacles denying the acquisition of human rights and preventing violations throughout the world.
Term
UN Human Rigghts Commission --> UN Human Rights Council
Definition
- Main focus promoting Human Rights
- Major improvement over the comission
- The members are states, but states membership can be suspended if that state is found violating human rights (big improvement).
- Create different working groups to handle different Human Rights problems: special investigators investigated into HR (rapporteurs)
- It has 47 members, including 5 security council members.
Term
Individual Responsibility
Definition
Crimes against humanity or war crimes can be perpetrated by individuals within the state and as such fall under the jurisdiction of the ICC.
Term
Command Responsibility
Definition
Responsibility for crimes against humanity or war crimes are in effect regardless of the position of the accused. If anyone under the command commits a crime and the commander knew they are held responsible.
Term
Different Types of International Crimes
Definition
- Crimes against the peace/ Aggression
- War Crimes
- Crimes against Humanity
- Genocide
Term
Crimes against the peace/ aggression
Definition
- Crimes against the peace at Nuremberg
- Use of force against another state, in violation of INR law
- After WW2, at Nuremberg in the trial of the head of the Nazi party. The court said, " the charter defines as a crime the planning or waging of a war, is a war of aggression or a war in violation of treaties. The tribunal has decided that the defendants planned and waged aggressive wars against twelve nations and are therefore guilty of these crimes."
Term
War Crimes
Definition
Violations of the Hague/Geneva Conventions. Domestic or international, any area of conflict.
Term
Crimes Against Humanity
Definition
- Systematic offensive against human dignity, systematic atrocities in peace or in war
- Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, inhumane acts committed against any civilian population before or during war. Prosecution on political, racial or religious grounds within the jurisdiction of the tribunal whether or not in violation of the law of the country.
Term
Genocide
Definition
Any act committed with the intentional to destroy a whole or a in part a national, ethnical, racial or religious groups.
Term
Rome Statue
Definition
More thorough than the International Criminal Tribunals and contains 128 articles. Creation of ICC.
Term
International Criminal Court
Definition
Permanent Court. Established in 1994 after Trinidad and Tobago urged for the creation of the ICC to handle drug trafficking issues.
Term
Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court
Definition
- Crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide, crimes of aggression as well as "treaty crimes" i.e terrorism and drug offenses.
- Those who have signed the treaty
Term
International Criminal Court Procedure
Definition
Cases are presented by:
1. The prosecutor of states
2. The prosecutor orders an investigation if the state is a part of the treaty
Term
International Criminal Court Prosecutor
Definition
- Oversees the case or investigation. Also received referrals and prosecutes criminals in the Pre-Trail chamber.
- Propriu motu "self-moving"
Term
Propriu motu
Definition
- Prosecutor acting as his/her own
- Self-moving
Term
Pre-Trial Chamber
Definition
Panel of 3 and determines if the case should be launched after seeing the investigation arrest warrants, summons and pleas
Term
Trial Chamber
Definition
Determines Sentence and Guilt. Cases are open to the public unless confidential information is presented.
Term
Appeals Chamber
Definition
Can be initiated by the prosecutor or the accused on the grounds of:
1. procedural error
2. Error of fact
3. Error of law
4. Any ground that may affect the fairness or reliability of the proceedings of decisions
Term
Registry
Definition
Administrative duties. Arranges legal accommodations like defense lawyers and prison space.
Term
International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia
Definition
Successful: Oversaw the war crimes in the Balkans. Established that individual responsibility falls on the person instigating the crimes against humanity. Established that official positions and responsibilities carried by such does not exclude the person from personal responsibility.
Term
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Definition
Successful. Prosecuted a head of state and added rape to the list of crimes against humanity.
Term
Mixed tribunals
Definition
Domestic and international judges and lawyers together in a tribunal.
Term
Aegean Continental Shelf Case (Greece vs Turkey)
Definition
Court Incidental Jurisdiction used Provisional Measures
- (Greece requested the Court to impose inter measures to Turkey)
- Court said no, Greece couldn't prove that what Turkey was doing was a a threat of irreparable harm.
Term
Judgement of the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg)
Definition
first systematic prosecution of war criminals
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