Term
| time period, perpetrator, victim: Armenia/Turkey |
|
Definition
| 1915-1918, Turkish people kill Armenian people, group: The Young Turks 1,500,000 deaths |
|
|
Term
| time period, perpetrator, victim: WWII Germany |
|
Definition
| 1941 and 1945, Nazi's and Hitler across Europe against the Jews, killed 6 million |
|
|
Term
| time period, perpetrator, victim: Cambodia |
|
Definition
| Khmer Rouge regime under the leadership of Pol Pot, and it resulted in the deaths of 2 million people from 1975 to 1979 |
|
|
Term
| time period, perpetrator, victim: Rwanda |
|
Definition
| Hutu against Tutsis, 1994, 800,000 people died |
|
|
Term
| time period, perpetrator, victim: Bosnia |
|
Definition
1992-1995- 200,000 deaths
by the Bosnian Serbs targeted Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats |
|
|
Term
| What five countries officially invite newcomers as permanent residents? |
|
Definition
| Israel, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, US |
|
|
Term
| What do different population structures suggest for the economic futures of individual countries? (4) |
|
Definition
-Subreplacement Fertility Regimes- below replacement rate of 2.1%
-declining population rates and ageing population in Europe
-US has avoided population crisis w/ immigration
- Dependency ratios |
|
|
Term
| How has US immigration policy changed over time? (Be familiar with the major periods and what defines those periods.)- 4 |
|
Definition
1. Free Movement 1790-1875
2. New regulations 1875-1920
- People excluded for reasons of health, race, political affiliation
- Chinese brought in to build railroads and then put back out
National and statewide
3. National Origins Quota 1921-1964
- People who are already in the country advocate for more people to come from their country
- Bracero Program 1942-64- hiring of male mexican workers, given work visas to do labor
4. Family reunion and labor needs 1965-present
- 1986- Simpson-Mazolli Bill, amnesty program, over 1 million people gain residency and citizenship from being undocumented, under Ronald Reagan, if you’ve been in the United States for a certain amount of time w/ no criminal record you can have citizenship
- IRCA (Immigration Reform and Control Act) 1986 reduced illegal immigration |
|
|
Term
| What countries lead the lists of refugee origins, refugee hosting, and IDPs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of the US population is foreign born? The world? |
|
Definition
13.7% US
3% of world population are international migrants |
|
|
Term
What historical events and situations help explain the Hutu-Tutsi struggle?
(Before Independence, Independen (when), exiled group, peace and when, genocide) |
|
Definition
- Tutsis made up 15% of population and enjoyed priviledged status under Belgium rule until independence in 1962- created hostility
- Independence lead to 30 years of Hutu rule,Tutsi were systematically discriminated against and periodically subjected to waves of killing and ethnic cleansing
- 1990 a group of armed exiles, mainly Tutsi, invaded Rwanda- the Rwandan Patriotic Front, gained ground against Hutu government forces.
- 1993 Tanzania brokered peace talks-> power-sharing agreement known as the Arusha Accords, government to share power with Hutu opposition parties and the Tutsi minority
Peacekeepers deployed to protect Tutsis reentering country
Hutu extremists attacked moderate Hutu politicans and Tutis and began ordering weapons to country
UN explicitly warns of genocide development |
|
|
Term
| What evidence suggests that the 36 year Guatemalan “civil war” was not just a war, but genocide? |
|
Definition
Guatemala 1982-Efraín Ríos Montt- genocide against Mayan people as an obstacle to progress
People brought from homes by military and killed
Gov. leaders believe subsistence farmers were a threat to the country
Overkill- people didn’t just wipe out people quickly, instead much passion used in murder, especially against women and children, scorched earth campaign |
|
|
Term
| According to Goldhagen (“Worse than War”), how has warfare in the past century changed with regard to civilian deaths? |
|
Definition
-10% of casualties were civilians in World War I
-50% of casualties were civilians in World War II
-As high as 90% of casualties are civilians in contemporary conflicts. |
|
|
Term
| According to the video “Worse than War”, what are the key elements of genocide preparation? --Compare this to Stanton’s “ten stages of genocide”. |
|
Definition
Leaders choose to initiate the killings
Citizens choose to participate
Others choose to standback and not intervene.
Have international watchdog made up of democratic nations that will enforce a zero tolerance policy on genocides and eliminationism. The international watchdog for genocides would be in search of the leaders of genocide until they surrender or are killed. The key to stopping genocides is by preventing them all together.
VS.
Genocide is a process that develops in ten stages that are predictable but not inexorable. At each stage, preventive measures can stop it. The process is not linear. Stages may occur simultaneously. Logically, later stages must be preceded by earlier stages. But all stages continue to operate throughout the process. |
|
|
Term
| Why is iodized salt important in female education? |
|
Definition
| 31% of houses in developing countries have limited or not enough access to iodine, which can cause brain damage in fetus, decreases iq’s especially in females during development, decreaases IQ by 10-15 points- extremely cost effective solution only $19 million to iodize enough for whole country- a single 50 cent capsule can be given to women who are or may become pregnant every 2 years to significantly increase |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs most in areas like India and China w/ government policies, increased w/ technological ultrasound to show child gender |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| South/South movement is 40% of international migration |
|
|
Term
| Push-pull factors in migration- push (5) |
|
Definition
Push: Negative developments leading many people to leave their homes
Abuses of human rights are most common push factors
1. Forced resettlement programs and expulsion-
2. High levels of violence and political instability
3. High population that leads to poverty
4. Famines, natural disasters
5. Globalization and discrimination |
|
|
Term
| Internally Displaced Peoples (IDPs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In this case, those seeking to enter a specific country pass through another country or stay there temporarily. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually due to growing season |
|
|
Term
Refugees - definition, major factors contributing to refugee creation (4/7)
statistics of demographics |
|
Definition
A person who is outside his or her country of nationality or habitual residence- well founded fear of persecution unable to return for fear of persecution
- Top Factors: Historically and today, conflicts, famine, natural disasters, and political, religious, and economic oppression have been dominant factors contributing to the creation of refugees
almost 1/2 are children, 1/2 are women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involuntary movement of people, often due to a government initiative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1942- a set of agreements between the United States and Mexico that facilitated the migration of Mexican workers, on a temporary basis, to work principally in agriculture and increased the illegal immigration rate to the US as well- 900,000 on program, 2 million illegal immigrants |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Under Trump Admin. since 2018, Attorney General Jeff Sessions- "zero tolerance" policy for migrants caught crossing the border outside authorized entry points- a goal of prosecuting 100 percent of adults caught violating immigration law, causes family separation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| participant in darfur conflict, perpetrators of genocide, work for sudanese gov. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudanese government (President al bashir) killing its own people to crush resistance against government, 2003 Sudanese gov. Committed genocide - burning villages in Darfur- extremely heavily documented, most well documented genocide, nothing done to stop it, bashir killed 2 million w/ no consequence, decided to do it again |
|
|
Term
| Romeo Dallaire and his organization |
|
Definition
| - Force Commander of UNAMIR- The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda-Dallaire fax sent to New York said this, people told him to tell other authorities and that aggressive peacekeeping was not in US policy, denied raids on Hutu supply caches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The responsibility to protect- R2P in 2001- if you don’t protect the most vulnerable in your group, you are giving up your sovereign rights because you no longer represent the will of your people |
|
|
Term
| Digital Humanitarian Movement and example |
|
Definition
Digital humanitarian movement- possibilities for genocide prevention- people using communication technology as a way of addressing humanitiarian crises, using crowd sourcing to inform the public and make them aware
example: utbreak of violence in Kenya motivated by social media during election, people shot at election stations, later elections people used media to alert |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1933- Raphael Lemkin submits International Conference for Unification of Criminal Law- a proposal to declare the destruction of racial, religious, or social collectivities a crime in international law
-1944- Lemkin publishes Axis Rule in Occupied Europe - detailed practices and policies of Third Reich and its allies
-Instrumental in lobbying the UN to pass 1948 United Nations Convention on Genocide (UNCG)
- Concept of genocide based on his study of Assyrians massacred in Iraq during 1933 Simele massacre |
|
|
Term
Responsible sovereignty
related term |
|
Definition
| responsibility to Protect- emerging doctrine that shifts from a right of states to a duty of states to intervene in another country to halt atrocities |
|
|
Term
UN Genocide Convention (1948) - 2 articles, 1st definition, 2nd identification 2 elements
what is a relevant term? (2)
what happened much later? |
|
Definition
lobbied by Raphael Lemkin
elements: 1- mental element 2- physical element
- Article I- The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law, which they undertake to prevent and to punish
- Article II- In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national ethnical racial or religious group, as such
- Killing members of the group
- Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
- Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part
- Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
- Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
responsible sovereignty, esponsibility to Protect- emerging doctrine that shifts from a right of states to a duty of states to intervene in another country to halt atrocities
1998 (Rome Statute for an International Criminal Court)- still not signed by 50 countries |
|
|
Term
| Rohingya- refugee count and what is the conflict |
|
Definition
| buddhist majority hate muslim minority, over 600,000 already left |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cambodia genocide documentary and also aspect of the genocide, where the Cambodians were sent to die, cooperatives/forced labor camps |
|
|
Term
Hargesia Holocaust/Isaaqs
when, who, to who, how many, why
why is it important? |
|
Definition
Between 1987-1989 US-backed Somalian dictator Siad Barre killed 200,000 members of the Isaaq tribe because they were fighting for independence
largely unknown or not acknowleged, despite US backing, relic of cold war era US support for regimes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Well established research project, shows that when people are exposed to a lot of violence, it makes people think the world is a mean place
Greater distrust for society and think of themselves as unsafe
People are more exposed to stories about violence so believe themselves less safe than previous generations despite decline in all violence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| former female president of Liberia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| former acting president of Central African Republic, prevented genocide |
|
|
Term
| Self Employed Women’s Assoc. |
|
Definition
| a trade union based in Ahmedabad, India that promotes the rights of low-income, independently-employed female workers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| b/w 1990 and 2010 maternal mortality rate decreased by 50% |
|
|
Term
| Oportunidades- where and what, how effective |
|
Definition
| ssentially paying families to put their children in school and take them for regular medical checkups, extremely efficient and positive way to help countries reduce poverty and quickly uplift poor communities- helps 1/4th of Mexican families in some way, given direclty by federal government to avoid local corruption, given to mother who is more likely to use it properly- raised high school attendance 10% for boys, 20% for girls |
|
|
Term
Gender equality budgeting
now used by
relevant term to which political lens? |
|
Definition
Most of the time fiscal policies do not take into consideration impacts on men vs. women, are gender blind
gender budgeting- identifies policies that are unequal as well as opportunities to spend money on helping women
if government diverted investment worth 2% of GDP from construction to care sector, could create 1.5 million jobs instead of 750,000
now used by imf and world bank
Feminist Political Economy- FPE- looks at how gender influences social and political powers and outcome of economics from this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A displaced person is someone who has been forced to leave his or her home because of violence, conflict, persecution, or natural disaster but has not crossed an international border |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a person who moves from one country or area to another country or location. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is someone who goes to a foreign country to become a permanent resident |
|
|
Term
| Which gender is more likely to migrate? |
|
Definition
| men- to find work opportunities |
|
|
Term
| most common type of migration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Push Pull factors in Migration: Pull (6) |
|
Definition
| 1. Freedom 2. Economic Opportunities 3. Colonization and financial globalization 4. Family reunification- chain migration 5. Immigration enterprise zone- created to attract immigrants for underpopulation 6. educational/cultural opportunities |
|
|
Term
| Forced resettlement programs and expulsion- goals |
|
Definition
| to achieve cultural homogeneity, subdue a region or people, evict dissidents, achieve foreign policy objectives, achieve economic and national secuirty objectives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In many cases, one family member will immigrate to a particular country and, once relatively economically secure, will encourage family members to join him or her |
|
|
Term
| when and why was the national quota system designed for the US |
|
Definition
1924- The national quota system was designed to preserve the ethnic or national composition of the United States as of 1920
quotas for emigrants from anyone country were calculated in terms of 1-2 percent of persons of that national origin already in the United States |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Those who leave are usually the best educated, the most ambitious, and enterprising individuals, migration of highly educated, skilled, and trained people from one country to another |
|
|
Term
| impacts of migration on sending country (3) |
|
Definition
| brain drain, medical practictioners leave, remittances |
|
|
Term
| Syrian Conflict- refugee count |
|
Definition
| over 13 million, 6 million IDP, 5 million refugee |
|
|
Term
| Mexican Migrant Worker example |
|
Definition
| people work in toxic fields seasonally of Sinaloa, work on $5/day, Good Year Farms, 4-6 month periods, many force their children to work despite it being illegal, use of pesticides there that are illegal in other countries |
|
|
Term
| immigration program that deported many _____ from the US |
|
Definition
| Operation Wetback- 1954-1959- Operation Wetback hundreds of thousands of Mexicans were arrest'ed and deported |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person who is outside his or her country of nationality or habitual residence- well founded fear of persecution unable to return for fear of persecution |
|
|
Term
| how many current IDPs? How many current refugees? |
|
Definition
| 41 million IDPs- internally displaced people- like Syria’s 6 million 26 million international refugees |
|
|
Term
| how many environmental refugees are there? |
|
Definition
prospects of environmental refugees
Est. 50 million |
|
|
Term
| what were the impacts of 9/11 on immigration to US? |
|
Definition
| Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) moves under DHS (Department of Homeland Security), creation of ICE U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement |
|
|
Term
Trump Administration Immigration policies
(3) |
|
Definition
Banned nationals of eight countries from majority-Muslim from entering the United States- cannot come from Iran, eventually passed after several iterations
Reduced refugee admissions to the lowest level since the resettlement program was created in 1980- passed
Zero Tolerance Policy |
|
|
Term
worlds oldest countries- 5
What is the crisis occuring in one of them? |
|
Definition
Japan, Italy, Germany, Greece, Sweden
without immigration, population expected to drop by ⅓ in next 50 years |
|
|
Term
sent home by immigrants in foreign countries
top recipient countries |
|
Definition
Migrants send over $600 billion home per year
Top recipients: India, China, Philippines, Mexico |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political, social, cultural, economic, biological, physical, religious, moral |
|
|
Term
| how many deaths by genocide in the last century? worse than what else? |
|
Definition
| 100 million victims of genocide, more deaths than any war in the last century |
|
|
Term
| Hutu president whos plane was shot down |
|
Definition
| Hutu president Habyarimana |
|
|
Term
primary declaration of the UNDHR
what does this activate? |
|
Definition
- all humans born free and equal in rights and dignity
systme 2 of moral judgement |
|
|
Term
Psychophysical model and function
results in |
|
Definition
people’s ability to detect changes in a physical stimulus rapidly decreases as the magnitude of the stimulus increases example: easier to indicate 2 as larger than 1 than to indicate 9 as larger than 8
results in Psychophysical numbing to genocide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - individuals blur at a certain number- a single person, unlike a group, is viewed as a psychologically coherent unit, people feel more distress and compassion towards a signle identified individual than even a group of victims that are all identified |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
moral intution (more powerful)
moral judgement |
|
|
Term
| methods for intervening in genocide in the future (3) |
|
Definition
-Preauthorization for action at certain threshold
- Forcefully must hold debate about issue and cost benefit analysis
- regional actors more likely able to overcome phsycic numbing, should form committee |
|
|
Term
| where did the US and other countries prevent genocide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three reasons for failure to prevent genocide |
|
Definition
Lack of leadership
Dangerous, costly, difficult
No economic or military interest in that part of the world
Racism
Distance
Lack of information or interest in it
Lack of compassion
Ostrich effect
Diffusion of responsibility
Feelings of inefficacy- drop in the bucket effect, i can’t do anything about it personally
Available information fails to convey affect/emotion |
|
|
Term
| When did we react to Syria? |
|
Definition
| Aylan- single drowned three year old boy fleeing to Syria from Europe, spiked interest in Syria, power of One |
|
|
Term
| 2 models for how people SHOULD respond to genocide |
|
Definition
A normative model: linear number of lives saved and value, every human life is of equal value
Orrrr…. Exponential value of saving lives as more lives are lives is another normal/logical approach to our morals |
|
|
Term
| 2 models for how people do react to genocide |
|
Definition
psychophysical model- diminishing sensitivity as numbers grow
collapse model sharp decline with growing numbers- our capacity to feel is limited, valuation depends on feeling, lack of feeling leads to inaction as large lsoses of life occur in episodes of mass murder or genocidem, every next life loss makes all the lives valued less |
|
|
Term
| why don't sysem 1 feelings react to genocide |
|
Definition
| feelings- evolved to protect us as individuals and small groups- not dependable motivator against genocide |
|
|
Term
| stanford prison experiment |
|
Definition
Stanford prison experiment- 1971- 24 undergraduate students selected to play role of guards and prisoners in a mock prison, almost all male students
Prisoners and guards rapidly adapted to their roles, btepped beyond boundaries, ⅓ of guards displayed sadistic tendencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
electric zap experiment
Stanley Milgram
Obedience to authority
1961 experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only investigates cases in Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
csddoppped
1, Classification
2. Symbolization
People are given signs/symbols that represent something to them or others
3. Discrimination
Writing discrimination into law
4. Dehumanization
Victim group is dehumanized
“Beginning of death spiral”
5. Organizations
Hate groups, militias, propaganda emerges
6. Polarization
Moderate voices are silenced
7. Preparation
Distributing weapons, obtaining plans, planning death lists and “trials”, trial massacres
8. Persecution
9. Extermination- mass killings begin
10. Denial |
|
|
Term
| this major issue used to be considered a ___ issue at the UN |
|
Definition
| womens rights, fringe issue |
|
|
Term
| disproportionate reporting of girls in China vs other issue |
|
Definition
| Tiaanmen Square- intl attention, killed 800-900 people once, son preference kills that many every week in China, 39,000 baby girls die in China every year due to lessened medical and financial attention than boys |
|
|
Term
| bad practice for women in India, how often |
|
Definition
| India- bride burning- to punish a woman for inadequate dowry or to eliminate her so man can remarry happens every 1-2 hours |
|
|
Term
How many missing women in the world?
how man disappear every year? |
|
Definition
over 100 million
2 million |
|
|
Term
| rape statistic for america |
|
Definition
| 1/6 american women has been raped or someone tried to rape her |
|
|
Term
| girls in India- death statistic |
|
Definition
| Girls age 1-5 in India are 50% more likely to die than boys, 1 dies every 4 minutes due to gender discrimination |
|
|
Term
| shocking high statistic on death of girls due to gender discrimination |
|
Definition
| More girls killed in the last 50 years due to gender than men killed in every war combined of the last century, more girls are killed in routing "gendercide" in one decade than people killed in all genocides combined of the 20th century |
|
|
Term
| statistic on education reducing fertility |
|
Definition
| Each additional year of education reduces the number of children a woman has by .26 children |
|
|
Term
| effective way to increase schooling in developing countries |
|
Definition
don't build more facilities, deworm children
-
130,000 people each year, especially cause physical pain for menstruating women, deworming children will increase focus, knowledge retention, and attendance, decreases absences by 25%
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ann Cotton- Welsh woman, started Camfed, a program to send young women to school, spends $10 million every year to educate over 400,000 children, expanded into other countries, success attributed to fully local staff who understand intricacies of sending the children to school |
|
|
Term
| organization that focuses on violence against women, their important action |
|
Definition
| Violence against women is one of 12 critical areas of concern, declared "an obstacle to teh achievement of equality, development, and peace"- Beijing Platform for Action |
|
|
Term
| how many women worldwide experience both sexual and physical abuse |
|
Definition
| ⅓ women in the world will experience physical and/or sexual violence by a partner or sexual violence by a non partner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present day human trafficking in the United States Estimated to have over 10,615 victims 8,561 of them are women |
|
|
Term
rape in sierra leone
organization
std statistics
age range
social idea that perpetuates rape
fgm |
|
Definition
Rainbo Center
as young as 2 1/2 months old
STDs in rape victims- as high as 90% of rape victims experience an STD
Myth for people- diverginating someone is a source of pride regardless of how young the girl is or what method they use
80-90% of women in Sierra Leone experienced fgm |
|
|
Term
| cycle of prostitution in India |
|
Definition
1.2 million child prostitutes in India
By age 35, India, prostitutes have earned all amount of money possible, can’t work afterwards, women are numbed from pain and abuse, put their own female children into prostitution to take clients, cycle of prostitution, no escape
to educate girls, must separate from them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enforced by Japan during WWII
90% died |
|
|
Term
| women that seek help or justice |
|
Definition
| less than 40% of GBV victims women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gender based violence- GBV- systematic ,institutionalized, and/or programmatic violence that operates through the constructs of gender and often at the intersection of sexuality, race, and national identity
Violence against women- VAW- any act of GBV that results in physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women |
|
|
Term
| 4 major moves for womens rights worldwide |
|
Definition
CEDAW 1979- one of first major international legislation regarding women’s rights and abuse General Recommendations Number 19- 1992- established GBV, said it violates human rights Declaration on the Elimination of VAW- 1993- perpetrated by state, occuring in general community, violence in private family sphere
1995Beijing Platform for Action- identified VAW as one of 12 critical areas of concern for equality, development, and peace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women est. 1979 by UN |
|
|
Term
| General Recommendations Number 19 |
|
Definition
| 1992- established GBV definition, violates human rights |
|
|
Term
| Declaration on the Elimination of VAW |
|
Definition
| 1993- perpetrated by state, occuring in general community, violence in private family sphere |
|
|
Term
| What countries lead the lists of refugee origins, refugee hosting, and IDPs? |
|
Definition
The region with the largest total number of IDPs was sub-Saharan Africa, which was hosting 10.4 million, a single country with most IDP's is Syria
Afghanistan about 2.5 refugee origins
70% are in Africa and the Middle East
Syria has largest number of internally displaced people, second Lebanon
Pakistan hosts the most refugees |
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|
