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LAST HALF OF CHAPTER 4:
Which organelles make up the end membrane system? |
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Definition
| ER (smooth and rough), Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes? |
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| What are the functions of the ER |
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Definition
is one of the main manufacturing facilities in a cell.
–Produces an enormous variety of molecules
–Is composed of smooth and rough ER |
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Definition
| is due to ribosomes that stud the outside of the ER membrane |
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Definition
–Lacks surface ribosomes
–Produces lipids, including steroids
–Helps liver cells detoxify circulating drugs |
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what is function of Golgi: |
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Definition
–Works in partnership with the ER
–Receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell |
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What is the Function of lysosome:
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Definition
-is a sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells
–Proteins–Polysaccharides–Fats
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Definition
are membranous sacs that bud from the
–ER
–Golgi
Plasma membrane |
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Definition
• They are responsible for protein synthesis.
• _____________ components are made in the nucleolus but assembled in the cytoplasm. |
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| What are the functions of chloroplasts: |
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Definition
•Most of the living world runs on the energy provided by photosynthesis.
•Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar.
are the organelles that perform photosynthesis. |
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| What are the functions of mitochondria? |
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Definition
• are the sites of cellular respiration, which produce ATP from the energy of food molecules.
•are found in almost all eukaryotic cells. |
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| What are the structures within chloroplasts and mitochondria? |
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Definition
•An envelope of two membranes encloses the mitochondrion. These consist of–An outer smooth membrane –An inner membrane that has n umerous infoldings called cristae.
The space between the two membranes–The stroma, a thick fluid within the chloroplast–The space within grana
, the structures that trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy
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Know similarities and differencesChloraplast and Mitochondrion .
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Definition
Light Energy= or photosynthisis
to Chemical Energy Food.
To
OR
Cellular Respiration to
(ATP)
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
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| What is the function of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
•The ------------is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm.
–Provides mechanical support to the cell
–Maintains its shape
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Definition
–Are straight and hollow
–Guide the movement of organelles and chromosomes
–Intermediate filaments and microfilaments are thinner and solid. |
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| What are the functions of cilia? |
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Definition
–---------- move in a coordinated back-and-forth motion.
–--------- and flagella have the same basic architecture.
- ---------- lining the respiratory tract
---------help sweep mucus out of the lungs.
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| What are the functions of flagella? |
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Definition
–-----------propel the cell in a whiplike motion.
a) Flagellum of a human sperm cell |
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CHAPTER 5:
What is energy? |
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Definition
•--------- makes the world go around.
•But what is ----------?
----------is defined as the capacity to perform work |
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Definition
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Definition
| -is the energy of motion. |
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Definition
•Molecules store varying amounts of potential energy in the arrangement of their atoms. |
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Definition
•-----------as a measure of disorder, or randomness.
•All energy conversions increase the ----------of the universe. |
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Definition
–a Type of kinetic energy
–Product of all energy conversions |
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| What does the principle of conservation of energy state? |
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Definition
•Machines and organisms can transform kinetic energy to potential energy and vice versa.
•In all such energy transformations, total energy is conserved.
–Energy cannot be created or destroyed. |
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Definition
•A ___________is the amount of energy that raises the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. |
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do we report calories or kilocalories? |
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Definition
| Food Calories are _________, equal to 1,000 calories. |
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| What is the general structure of ATP? |
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Definition
•______(adenosine triphosphate)
–Consists of adenosine plus a tail of three phosphate groups
–Is broken down to ______ and a phosphate group, releasing energy |
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| How does ATP drive work in cells? |
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Definition
–Acts like an energy shuttle
–Stores energy obtained from food
–Releases it later as needed |
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| Why do animals require ATP? |
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Definition
| require a continual supply of energy in order to function or live. |
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Definition
•Cellular work spends ATP.
•ATP is recycled from ADP and a phosphate group through cellular respiration.
•A working muscle cell spends and recycles about 10 million ATP molecules per second. |
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Definition
•Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions in an organism.
•Most metabolic reactions require the assistance of ________, proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
•Enzymes can function over and over again, a key characteristic of _________. |
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| What is activation energy? |
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Definition
–Activates the reactants
–Triggers a chemical reaction
•Enzymes lower the activation energy for chemical reactions. |
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| What does induced fit mean? |
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Definition
•Every enzyme is very selective, catalyzing a specific reaction.
•Each enzyme recognizes a substrate, a specific reactant molecule.
–The active site fits to the substrate, and the enzyme changes shape slightly. |
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Term
What are enzyme inhibitors?
list all of them |
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Definition
•__________can prevent metabolic reactions by binding to the active site. Bind at a remote siteChange the enzyme’s shape–Prevent the enzyme from binding to its substrate–This is called feedback regulation. - It prevents the cell from wasting resources.-Many antibiotics work by inhibiting enzymes
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Term
What are the functions of membrane proteins? |
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Definition
•Working cells must control the flow of materials to and from the environment.
•Transport proteins
–Are located in membranes
–Regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell |
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| What is passive transport? |
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Definition
•____________is the diffusion of a substance across a membrane without the input of energy.
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Definition
•___________ is the tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out into the available space.•___________is an example of passive transport-Substances diffuse down their concentration gradient, a region in which the substance’s density changes.
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Definition
•The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is __________. |
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Definition
requires energy to move molecules across a membrane. |
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| What is a concentration gradient? |
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Definition
| a region in which the substance’s density changes. |
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Definition
•Some substances do not cross membranes spontaneously Specific transport proteins act as selective corridors.-
No energy input is needed.
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Definition
| solution has a higher concentration of solute. |
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Definition
| has an equal concentration of solute. |
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When will animal cells swell and shrivel?
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Definition
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Definition
•is the secretion of large molecules within vesicles. |
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Definition
| takes material into a cell within vesicles that bud inward from the plasma membrane. |
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Definition
(“cellular eating”); a cell engulfs a particle and packages it within a food vacuole
1 of 3 types of endocytosis: |
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Definition
(“cellular drinking”); a cell “gulps” droplets of fluid by forming tiny vesicles
1 of 3 types of endocytosis:
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Definition
-mediated endocytosis; a cell takes in very specific molecules
1 of 3 types of endocytosis:
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Term
What are signal transduction pathways?
1. Why would they be useful? |
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Definition
–Relay the signal
–Convert it to chemical forms that can function within the cell
•The plasma membrane helps convey signals between |
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Term
Chapter 6 -Differences between heterotrophs and autotrophs? |
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Definition
•Autotrophs are producers because ecosystems depend upon them for food.
•Heterotrophs are consumers because they eat plants or other animals. |
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| What is the overall equation for cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 |
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| How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? |
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Definition
•Animals perform only cellular respiration.
•Plants perform:
–Photosynthesis and
–Cellular respiration |
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Term
| How is breathing related to cellular respiration? |
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Definition
–___________requires a cell to exchange gases with its surroundings.
–Cells take in oxygen gas.
–Cells release waste carbon dioxide gas.
–Breathing exchanges these same gases between the blood and outside air. |
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Define aerobic and anaerobic? |
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Definition
__________-Lacking or not requiring molecular Oxgen
__________-Contaning or requiring Molecular Oxegen. |
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| What are redox reactions? |
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Definition
•Chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another are called:
–Oxidation-reduction reactions or
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Term
| What occurs in a reduction reaction? |
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Definition
•The acceptance of electrons during a redox reaction is called __________.
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Definition
| The loss of electrons during a redox reaction is called _________ |
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| Which molecules are oxidized and which are reduced in cellular respiration? |
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Definition
•During cellular respiration glucose is oxidized while oxygen is reduced. |
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| What are the three phases of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
–Glycolysis
–The citric acid cycle
–Electron transport |
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| What goes into glycolysis? |
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Definition
•A 6-carbon glucose molecule is split in half to form two molecules of pyruvic acid.
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| What comes out? Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
Glucose comes out.
_______ occurs in the Cytoplasm |
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| How many molecules of ATP are produced in glycolysis? |
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Definition
| __________,a net of two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule. |
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| What is the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
•The ___________completes the breakdown of sugar. |
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Term
What goes in?
What comes out?
Where does the citric acid cycle occur? |
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Definition
-Pyruvic Acid goes in
-Aceytle COA
-Mitchocondrion |
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Term
| How many ATP are produced in the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Be able to list the basic steps in the electron transport chain. |
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Definition
–The chain functions as a chemical machine that uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
–These ions store potential energy. |
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Term
| How many ATP are produced in the ETC (know the values given in the text)? |
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Definition
| •Cellular respiration can generate up to 38 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose. |
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Term
What is the final electron acceptor?
Where does the ETC occur?
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Definition
-ATP synthase
-Mitchocondrion |
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| Which molecules are the sources of electrons for the ETC? |
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Definition
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Definition
•__________is the anaerobic (without oxygen) harvest of food energy. |
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Term
| When does fermentation occur? |
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Definition
•After functioning anaerobically for about 15 seconds:
–Muscle cells will begin to generate ATP by the process of __________. |
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Term
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Definition
•In human muscle cells, lactic acid is a____________.
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Term
| Why do your muscles burn after exercise? |
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Definition
| Becous your muscles start to work under anarobic conditons meaning spending ATP at a rate wich outpaces your blood stream delivery of O2 |
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Term
How are bread and beer made?
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Definition
alcoholic fermentation, is used to produce:
–Beer
–Wine
–Breads |
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Term
Chapter 7
What is photosynthesis?
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Definition
•Tranforms light energy into chemical energy produced via ___________is stored in the bonds of sugar molecules. |
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| Where does photosynthesis take place? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
which are suspended in a thick fluid,
called _____. |
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Definition
| __________are tiny pores in leaves where carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits. |
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Definition
Inside chloroplasts are membranous sacs called
________. |
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Definition
| Thylakoids are concentrated in stacks called ________. |
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Definition
•The green color of chloroplasts is from __________,
a light-absorbing pigment. |
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What are the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Chlorophyll a:–Absorbs mostly blue-violet and red light
Participates directly in the light reactions
Chlorophyll b:–Absorbs mostly blue and orange light
–Participates indirectly in the light reactions
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Term
| Describe the nature of sunlight. |
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Definition
•_______is a type of energy called radiation, or electromagnetic energy.
•The full range of radiation is called the electromagnetic spectrum. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fixed qaunity of light energy, |
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Term
How do light reactions generate ATP and NADPH?
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Definition
•Two types of photosystems cooperate in the light reactions:
–The water-splitting photosystem
–The NADPH-producing photosystem
–Occur in the thylakoid membrane |
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Term
What are electron acceptors? |
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Definition
| Traps the light exsited electron from cloraphyl a in the reaction center |
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Term
What goes into the Calvin cycle?
What comes out? |
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Definition
In-CO2 from air
Out-G3P sugar
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Term
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Definition
Use CO2 directly from the air à produce a 3 carbon compound. Very common and widely distributed. They require more water. More than 95% of all earth’s plants
Examples: Kentucky Blue Grass, Wheat, Oats, Oaks, Tomato, Potato |
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Definition
•: produce a 4 carbon compound. •They like hot temperatures. They can close the stomata and continue photosynthesizing
Examples:Sugarcane, Crabgrass, Corn, Panic liverseed grass, Sorghum, Hydrilla (aquatic)
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Term
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Definition
Dessert Plants•are extremely well adapted to high temperatures and low water.•They open their stomata at night to conserve water.
Examples: Pineapple, Orchids, Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe
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Term
Chapter 8
What does cell reproduction accomplish? |
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Definition
–May result in the birth of new organisms
–More commonly involves the production of new cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the structures that contain most of the organism’s DNA. |
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Definition
–Single-celled organisms reproduce by simple cell division
–There is no fertilization of an egg by a sperm |
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Term
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Definition
•requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm using a special type of cell division called meiosis.
•Thus, _____________organisms use:
–Meiosis for reproduction
–Mitosis for growth and maintenance |
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Term
| What is the end result of mitosis? |
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Definition
–_________ for growth and maintenance
–Meiosis for reproduction |
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Term
How many chromosomes do humans have? |
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Definition
| -__________have 46 _________ |
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Term
What are histones, nucleosomes, ? |
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Definition
_____________-are proteins used to package DNA in eukaryotes.
____________-consist of DNA wound around histone molecules. |
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Term
| What are sister chromatids, centromeres? |
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Definition
_____________-Before a cell divides, it duplicates all of its chromosomes, resulting in two copies called
____________-Sister chromatids are joined together at a narrow “waist” called the |
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Term
Describe the phases of the cell cycle. |
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Definition
interphase-a cell Performs its normal functions
–Doubles everything in its cytoplasm
–Grows in size
mitotic (M) phase-includes two overlapping processes:
–Mitosis, in which the nucleus and its contents divide evenly into two daughter nuclei–Cytokinesis, in which the cytoplasm is divided in two
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Term
| What are the phases of mitosis? |
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Definition
Prophase-Early mitotic spindle,Centrosome,Centromere,
–Metaphase- Spindle
–Anaphase- Daughter
chromosomes
–Telophase-Nuclear envelope forming - Cleavage furrow |
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Term
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Definition
•____________ is a disease of the cell cycle.•___________ cells can form tumors, abnormally growing masses of body cells.•The spread of __________cells beyond their original site of origin
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Definition
–Spread to other parts of the body
–Interrupt normal body functions |
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Term
| What does metastasis mean? |
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Definition
| The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site of origin is _________. |
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Term
How can cancer be prevented and how is it treated?
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Definition
Prevention–Not smoking–Exercising adequately–Avoiding exposure to the sun –Eating a high-fiber, low-fat diet–Performing self-exams–Regularly visiting a doctor to identify tumors early
Treatments–Radiation therapy, which damages DNA and disrupts cell division –Chemotherapy, which uses drugs that disrupt cell division |
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