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| a system of rules for arranging arbitrary symbols in an orderly, predictable manner that allows anyone who also knows the code to interpret the meaning. |
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| it is critical that a code must be orderly and organized. |
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| all participants follow the same patterns or rules. |
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| an item used to represent or stand for another object, idea, or relationship. |
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| symbols bear no physical resemblance to their referents. |
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| words that sound like the events they represent |
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| occurs only when speakers effectively influence their listeners’ behaviors. |
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| refers to logical steps toward a desired goal. |
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| the use of words as symbols to exchange ideas. |
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| does not rely on the use of words; rather it conveys ideas, thoughts, or feelings through other behaviors. |
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| of communication include the production of words, phrases, and sentences according to the rules of grammar. |
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| nonverbal features that typically accompany the oral production of language and serve to modify, amplify, or fine-tune the actual meanings being expressed linguistically. |
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| the melodic components of speech production that modify the meaning of the spoken message as it is produced. |
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| the melody of speech produced by the combined factors that include stress, rhythm, and intonation. |
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| prosodic features superimposed on utterance segments (words and phrases) as they are spoken. |
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| nonspeech behaviors that accompany the speaker’s words and transmit certain cues through facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, body language, or proxemics. |
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| the study of use of proximity, closeness, or interpersonal space in communication. |
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| physical production of sounds to communicate meaning through the neuromuscular control of the structures of the vocal tract. |
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Definition
| is composed of the larynx, pharynx, velum, tongue, teeth, lips and the oral and nasal cavities. |
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| is the production of speech sound through physical movement of the jaw, tongue, lips and the velum (soft palate) to change the size and shape of the vocal tract. |
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| the tone produced by vibration of the vocal folds and modified by the resonating cavities of the vocal tract. |
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| the production of vocal tone in the physiological process of setting the approximated vocal folds into vibration with exhaled air. |
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| incorporates the rhythm rate and flow of speech as it is produced. |
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| is the study of sound system of language. |
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| International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) |
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Definition
| an alphabet designed to provide universal symbols to represent all the known speech sounds used in human languages. |
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| represents an individual production of speech sounds in a word. |
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| are groups or families of sounds that are related by their acoustic similarities. |
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| the observation that listeners hear classes of similar sounds within a continuous range of sounds. |
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| phones that exhibit subtle differences, but are heard as belonging to the same sound category. |
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| features or characteristics that help distinguish one phoneme from another. |
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Definition
| is the system of arbitrary verbal symbols that speakers put in order according to a conventional code to communicate ideas and feelings or to influence the behaviors of others. |
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| represents a distinct variation of a major language that is spoken by an identifiable subgroup of those people using that language. |
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| refers to the conventional rules for arranging the symbols of language in sequences that convey the intended meaning. |
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| is the study of morphemes. |
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| is the study of minimal, meaningful units of language. |
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| are units that can stand alone, independent of other units, and still carry meaning. |
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| are morphemes that must be attached to the other (free) morphemes to carry meaning. |
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Definition
| morphemes that serve primarily to change the grammatical class of the free morpheme to which they are attached. |
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Definition
| morpheme that alter the meaning of the free morpheme to which they are attached without deriving a new grammatical category. |
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| is the part of the grammar which specifies rules for sequencing or ordering words to form phrases and sentences. |
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| makes an affirmative statement (the man is closing the window). |
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| forms a question (is the man closing the window?). |
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| contradicts an assertion (the man is not closing the window). |
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| form indicates that the subject in the sentence is being acted on (the window is being closed by the man). |
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| by omitting the subject of the sentence imparts a commanding tone (close the window!). |
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| sentences that are constructed by various elements—words, phrases, clauses. |
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| the relationship between the constituents (words and phrases) of sentences. |
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| a set of rules that specifies how a language should be spoken |
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| refers to the linguistic process of identifying and describing the regularities that occur naturally in a language |
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| refers to the underlying knowledge speakers demonstrate by using and understanding their native language. |
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| refers to the underlying knowledge speakers demonstrate by using and understanding their native language. |
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| is the written summary of the hypothetical rules that describe the regularities in a language. |
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| represents speaker’s idealized, underlying knowledge of their language. |
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Term
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Definition
| the actualized production of linguistic units by a speaker, refers to the reality that this idealized knowledge must be applied in actually producing language. |
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| one that is comprised of a limited number of rules capable of generating an unlimited number of acceptable sentences in a language. |
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| the collection of words learned by the individual. |
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| refers to all morphemes, including words and word parts that a speaker knows. |
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| consists of the perceptual and conceptual characteristics that define the meaning contained by a word. |
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| Individuals’ memory of their successive experiences with the referent for a word. |
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| an individual’s understanding of a word’s meaning, including the words and concepts they associate with that word. |
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| describe whether the meanings of two words are either capable or incapable of being meaningfully combined. |
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| words that share the same features but are opposite in one feature. |
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| are different words that carry similar meanings (large and big). |
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| another related way in which words overlap. |
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| describes the role each noun in a sentence has no relation to the verb in the sentence. |
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| is the study of language use, the practical use of language in social interaction. |
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| the pragmatic or practical purposes served by utterances. |
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| the verb in certain utterances actually constitutes an act. |
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| all utterances are conceived as performing some act. |
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| using different words or sentence forms to achieve the same result. |
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| the nature of a setting and the status, roles, and agendas of the speakers in that setting. |
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| the utterances that precede and contribute to the setting responded by a speaker. |
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| achieves its end through an utterance that has only one interpretation. |
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| implies that there are several possible interpretations. |
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| refers to an extended verbal exchange on some topic, essentially a conversation. |
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