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identified edges, sharp or transitional, can be counted, measured, pinpointed, and shape can be described.
examples: farmhouse, buildings, roads, feilds, trees, and rivers |
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types of features Dispersed |
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Definition
fragmented discrete features with distinct or transitional edge definition
Example: Forests |
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homogenous environment with common traits but qualitative differences= mosaic, steeped, smooth
Example: soil |
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-spatial representation of the environment. -Image-> Reality -object in reality-> image or symbol on map -representation= likeness + Simplicity -Mapping as transformation process->
1. Environmental perception 2. environmental visualization (representation) |
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What can we learn from a mental map |
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Definition
-maps are abstractions -maps are incomplete -maps contain error -maps are communication and navigation tools -maps must generalize and reduce information -maps (must) include a common code and common features to communication the reduced environmental information -mapping is a continuous learning process |
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what is the oldest map in the world, where was it found, what is it made of? |
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earliest map: cave wall painting 6200 B.C., where was it found:Catal Hyuk, Anatolia, Turkey what is it: Town plan Beehive design, Depiction of natural disaster: volcanism |
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list the five steps of the map abstraction process |
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Definition
-selection: map purpose- reference or theme?, thresholds- region and time, variables- thematic focus- narrow or broad, scale, perspective.
-classification:number of classes, discrete entities- quality, continuous entities- quantity, choosing intervals.
-simplification: feature elimination, smoothing, shape abstraction, aggregation, change of dimensionality, measurement level reduction.
-exaggeration: greek settlements of lago del lupo -symbolization: |
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discuss the advantages/ disadvantage of globes as a projection |
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Definition
advantages - *useful for navigation *angles are preserved
disadvantages
*lack of detail for most purposes *preservation of distance is impossible *stretching and shrinking *size significantly distorted |
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Geographic Information system Geographic information science -integration of various forms of geographic data -hardware and software -data layer model -geocoding -single-layer display and analysis -interactive and multiple display of views -storage, display, updating, analysis INPUT: digitizer, typing, digital tape reader DATA MANAGEMENT: PC, workstation network OUTPUT: Digital data, printer, plotter
example drawn out vector raster . . . customers, streets, parcels, elevation, land usage, real world |
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what are raster data bases |
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Definition
whole image data base -can be manipulated as a whole -individual features cannot be changed |
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Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles -digital, uniform-scale image created from aerial photos. -ground features are displayed in their true ground position -relief displacements cause by the camera and terrian of an aerial photograph have been removed -image characteristics of a photograph plus geometric qualities of a map -direct measurements of distances, areas, angles, and positions. |
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selective image data base -cannot be manipulated as a whole -individual features can be changed example: -census data -digital line graphs -soil data example 2: digital line graphs -digital vector data representing cartographic information. -DLG's contain a wide variety of information depicting geographic features. -Lakes, vegetation, rivers, and roads used population numbers in this with color picture of vector structure on slides |
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Topographically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing Files -include roads, addresses, hydrography, railroads, transportation routes and census district boundaries |
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Digital Elevation Models example Lake Tahoe Raster Data . . . digital cartographic/ geographic dataset of elevations in xyz coordinates. treain elevations for group positions are sampled at regularly spaced horizontal intervals ->30-m gird. hills or valleys smaller than the 30 m cells will not show up |
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any geographic problem lies at the intersection of two to four maps, images, or photos |
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-everything is related to everything else -near things are more related than others |
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what types of data are encoded in topological gecoding? list them |
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Definition
-encoding of geographic information -layering -breaks |
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False Color Images What can we recognize on these image maps? |
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Definition
-quality of certain environmental features -functional/ qualitative details of features= seasonal features |
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what types of resolution are involved in the remote sensing process? |
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Definition
spatial: the size of the field-of-view, e.g. 10 by 10m
Spectral resolution:(the number and size of spectral regions the sensor records data in, e.g. blue, green, red, near-infrared thermal infrared, microwave (radar))
temporal resolution: (how often the sensor acquires data, e.g. every 30 days.
radiometric resolution: (reflectance values must be represented on an RGB screen) (understanding brightness values on satellite imagery) |
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in situ data collection direct contact and measurement transducers thermometers psychrometer anemometer spectroradiometer |
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Maps as narrative reflection of social conditions roman and medieval cartography christian influence |
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provide a short definition of remote sensing |
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Definition
"remote sensing is the acquiring of data about an object without touching it" |
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What are the three approaches that are used to examine the history of cartography |
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Definition
historical/evolutionary approach -mapping as a historical progression of "better" ideas
aesthetic approach -mapping as artistic expression of fact and myth
national approach -mapping as an achievement/tragedy |
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