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intro to maps
exam 4
23
Other
Undergraduate 4
12/13/2007

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Term
types of feature
Discrete
Definition
identified edges, sharp or transitional, can be counted, measured, pinpointed, and shape can be described.

examples: farmhouse, buildings, roads, feilds, trees, and rivers
Term
types of features
Dispersed
Definition
fragmented discrete features with distinct or transitional edge definition

Example: Forests
Term
continuous
Definition
homogenous environment with common traits but qualitative
differences= mosaic, steeped, smooth

Example: soil
Term
what is a mental map
Definition
-spatial representation of the environment.
-Image-> Reality
-object in reality-> image or symbol on map
-representation= likeness + Simplicity
-Mapping as transformation process->

1. Environmental perception
2. environmental visualization (representation)
Term
What can we learn from a mental map
Definition
-maps are abstractions
-maps are incomplete
-maps contain error
-maps are communication and navigation tools
-maps must generalize and reduce information
-maps (must) include a common code and common features to communication the reduced environmental information
-mapping is a continuous learning process
Term
what is the oldest map in the world, where was it found, what is it made of?
Definition
earliest map: cave wall painting 6200 B.C.,
where was it found:Catal Hyuk, Anatolia, Turkey
what is it: Town plan Beehive design,
Depiction of natural disaster: volcanism
Term
list the five steps of the map abstraction process
Definition
-selection: map purpose- reference or theme?, thresholds- region and time, variables- thematic focus- narrow or broad, scale, perspective.

-classification:number of classes, discrete entities- quality, continuous entities- quantity, choosing intervals.

-simplification: feature elimination, smoothing, shape abstraction, aggregation, change of dimensionality, measurement level reduction.

-exaggeration: greek settlements of lago del lupo
-symbolization:
Term
discuss the advantages/ disadvantage of globes as a projection
Definition
advantages
-
*useful for navigation
*angles are preserved

disadvantages

*lack of detail for most purposes
*preservation of distance is impossible
*stretching and shrinking
*size significantly distorted
Term
GIS
Definition
Geographic Information system
Geographic information science
-integration of various forms of geographic data
-hardware and software
-data layer model
-geocoding
-single-layer display and analysis
-interactive and multiple display of views
-storage, display, updating, analysis
INPUT: digitizer, typing, digital tape reader
DATA MANAGEMENT: PC, workstation network
OUTPUT: Digital data, printer, plotter

example drawn out vector raster . . .
customers, streets, parcels, elevation, land usage, real world
Term
what are raster data bases
Definition
whole image data base
-can be manipulated as a whole
-individual features cannot be changed
Term
DOQ's
Definition
Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles
-digital, uniform-scale image created from aerial photos.
-ground features are displayed in their true ground position
-relief displacements cause by the camera and terrian of an aerial photograph have been removed
-image characteristics of a photograph plus geometric qualities of a map
-direct measurements of distances, areas, angles, and positions.
Term
Vector data base
Definition
selective image data base
-cannot be manipulated as a whole
-individual features can be changed
example:
-census data
-digital line graphs
-soil data
example 2: digital line graphs
-digital vector data representing cartographic information.
-DLG's contain a wide variety of information depicting geographic features.
-Lakes, vegetation, rivers, and roads
used population numbers in this with color
picture of vector structure on slides
Term
Tiger file system
Definition
Topographically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing Files
-include roads, addresses, hydrography, railroads, transportation routes and census district boundaries
Term
DEM
Definition
Digital Elevation Models
example Lake Tahoe Raster Data . . .
digital cartographic/ geographic dataset of elevations in xyz coordinates.
treain elevations for group positions are sampled at regularly spaced horizontal intervals ->30-m gird.
hills or valleys smaller than the 30 m cells will not show up
Term
First Law of Geography
Definition
any geographic problem lies at the intersection of two to four maps, images, or photos
Term
Second Law of Geography
Definition
-everything is related to everything else
-near things are more related than others
Term
what types of data are encoded in topological gecoding? list them
Definition
-encoding of geographic information
-layering
-breaks
Term
False Color Images
What can we recognize on these image maps?
Definition
-quality of certain environmental features
-functional/ qualitative details of features= seasonal features
Term
what types of resolution are involved in the remote sensing process?
Definition
spatial: the size of the field-of-view, e.g. 10 by 10m

Spectral resolution:(the number and size of spectral regions the sensor records data in, e.g. blue, green, red, near-infrared thermal infrared, microwave (radar))

temporal resolution: (how often the sensor acquires data, e.g. every 30 days.

radiometric resolution: (reflectance values must be represented on an RGB screen) (understanding brightness values on satellite imagery)
Term
what is a transducer
Definition
in situ data collection
direct contact and measurement
transducers
thermometers
psychrometer
anemometer
spectroradiometer
Term
T in O map
Definition
Maps as narrative
reflection of social conditions
roman and medieval cartography
christian influence
Term
provide a short definition of remote sensing
Definition
"remote sensing is the acquiring of data about an object without touching it"
Term
What are the three approaches that are used to examine the history of cartography
Definition
historical/evolutionary approach
-mapping as a historical progression of "better" ideas

aesthetic approach
-mapping as artistic expression of fact and myth

national approach
-mapping as an achievement/tragedy
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