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Definition
| A funeral rite that is adjusted to the needs and wants of those directly involved; one which has been altered to suit the trends of the times. |
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Dealing with agriculture, farm based. The locale of the extended (joint) family system. |
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Definition
A situation in which a person or entity is unknown. |
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Definition
The ancient Roman doctrine which held that the soul was the vital principle and that the soul of man, although separated from the body at death, hovered around the place of burial and required constant attention from descedants in the form of food and drink. |
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| Membership consists of one male and one female and the children from their previous marriages and may include children from the present marriage. |
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| The tendency of governments to refine their procedures to ever more efficiently attain their goals through the creation of a system of departments and subdivisions managed by sets of officials following an inflexible routine. |
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Definition
| Similar to ritual but it may, or may not, have symbolic content. |
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Definition
| An instrumental action dealing with death, that is also expressional and that may or may not be charged with symbolic content expressing, among other things, the attitudes of the participants and possible onlookers (passive participants) who may be regarded as co-beneficiaries. |
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Definition
| A social grouping in which members possess roughly equivalent culturally valued attributes. |
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| Two unrelated adults of the opposite sex sharing the same living quarters. |
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| Living or happening in the same period. |
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| The emotional attitude that all cultures are equal and pertinent. |
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| Like abstract patterns of, and for living and dying, which are identifiable in all cultures. |
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Definition
| Consists of abstract patterns (the rules, ideas, beliefs shared by members of society) of and for living and dying, which are learned directly or indirectly. |
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| Social behavior as dictated by the tradition of the people. |
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| Pertaining to demography; the science of vital statistics, or of births, deaths, marriages, etc. of populations. |
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| The acquiring of the culture by a person through deliberate instruction |
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| In marriage, to hold that both male and female have equal rights, duties, and governing power. |
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Term
| Enculturation (Socialization) |
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Definition
| The method by which the social values are internalized (learned). |
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Definition
| Designating or of any of the basic divisions or groups of mankind, or distinguished by customs, characteristics, language, etc. |
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| The emotional attitude that one's own race, nation, group, or culture is superior to all others. |
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| Membership within household includes father and mother, all their children (except married daughters), their son's wives and children (except married daughters). |
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| The family into which one is born. |
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Definition
| The family established by one's marriage and the production of children. |
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Definition
| Behaviors which are construed as somewhat less compulsive than mores of the same society, and do not call for a strong reaction from the society if violated. |
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| Rites with the body present. |
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Definition
| An all-inclusive term used to encompass all funeral and/or memorial services. |
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| A process involving all activities associated with final disposition. |
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| A funeral rite that is in essence devoid of religious connotation. |
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Definition
| Any disposition of a human remains which is completely devoid of any form of funeral rite at the time of disposition. |
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Definition
| A process by which a person learns the norms of his or her culture by observation of others in his or her society. |
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Definition
| Specifically in sociology, the change from independent multi-talented, self-sufficient family units to employment of family members in jobs outside the unit, making them dependent on outside resources for their total needs. |
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Definition
| A must-behavior not necessarily a basic or important pattern of a people (related to death) but one which is enforced by those governing; a rule of action prescribed by an authority able to enforce its will. |
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Definition
| In marriage, the mother rules her family, specifically in sociology; a woman holding a position analogous to that of a patriarch. |
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Definition
| Funeral rites with the body not present. |
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Definition
| The state of being mobile; specifically in sociology, the ability to move from place to place readily, or to move from class to class, either upward or downward. |
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| Of, or characteristic of, the present or recent times; not ancient; often used to designate certain contemporary tendencies. |
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Definition
| A household or family unit created by related nuclear families and/or friendships. |
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Definition
| Must-behavior; the basic and important patterns of ideas and acts of a people as related to treatment of the dead which calls for a strong reaction from the society if violated. |
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Definition
| In sociology, applied to an individual, family, or group which has relocated to an area other than the ancestral region. |
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Definition
| The tendency of off-spring to move away from the area in which they were born. |
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Term
| Non-traditional Funeral Rite |
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Definition
| A funeral rite which deviates from the normal or prescribed circumstances of established custom. |
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Definition
| Membership within household includes one man, one woman, and their children, if any. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gold coin of the Ancient Greeks which, according to Greek Mythology, was used to pay Charon (guardian of the Elysian Fields). |
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Term
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Definition
| In marriage, the father rules the family, specifically in sociology, the patriarch, the father, and the ruler of the family or tribe; a man of great age and dignity; the oldest individual of a class or group. |
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Definition
| Designating or of a culture developed before the invention of writing and, hence, leaving no written records. |
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Term
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Definition
| A funeral rite which may be construed as being identifiable with a pre-literate society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those which may be constructed as being identifiable with a preliterate influence, which predominates the funeral rite. |
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Term
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Definition
| A culturally entrenched pattern of behavior made up of: 1) sacred beliefs, 2) emotional feelings accompanying the beliefs, and 3) overt conduct presumably implementing the beliefs and feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any event performed in a solemn and prescribed manner. |
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Definition
| Ceremonies centering around transition in life from one status to another (ex: Baptism, marriage, and the funeral). |
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Term
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Definition
| A kind of instrumental action; but also expressional - that is, it is charged with symbolic content expressing among other things, the attitudes of the participants and possible onlookers (passive participants) who may be regarded as co-beneficiaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| A kind of instrumental action dealing with death, but is also expressional - that is, it is charged with symbolic content expressing, among other things, the attitudes of the participants and possible onlookers (passive participants) who may be regarded as co-beneficiaries. |
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Definition
| Specified methods of procedure. |
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Definition
| Membership consists of one adult, either male or female, and his/her children. |
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Term
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Definition
| An event which allows those who have something in common with each other to deal with one-another in regard to that which they share. |
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Term
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Definition
| The upward or downward movement of a person or family within the social classes of their society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Categorization of people by money, prestige, and power; a ranking of social status (position) in groups such as upper, middle, and lower class. |
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Term
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Definition
| The method by which the social values are internalized (learned). |
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Term
| Socialization (Enculturation) |
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Definition
| The method by which the social values of the funeral rite are internalized (learned). |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of persons forming a single community with some interests in common. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of social groups; their internal forms or modes of organization, the processes that tend to maintain or change these forms of organizations, and the relations between groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| A division, or smaller identifiable unit of a culture, connected to that culture by common traits, having unique traits to itself. |
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Definition
| Anything to which socially created meaning is given. |
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Term
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Definition
| Must-behavior which dictates the individual must abstain from certain acts dealing with death. |
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Term
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Definition
| A funeral rite that follows a prescribed ritual or ceremony which may be dictated either by religious belief or social custom. |
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Term
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Definition
| The change from rural to urban in character; to make like or characteristic of a city. |
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Term
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Definition
| (chief embalmer/funeral director) - from priestly lines. Probably only conducted funeral of Pharoah or Pharoah's family, though he would oversee all work in the Necropolis. |
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Term
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Definition
| (priest) - coordinated with the family and was in charge of funeralization |
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Term
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Definition
| (embalmer) - performed the functions of preserving the body |
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Term
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Definition
| (pharmacist) - made the spices, anointments, and natron added to the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| (painter) - constructed burial receptacles, spent much time on pharoah's coffin |
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Term
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Definition
| (anatomist) - made the initial incision into the left flank of the deceased to begin the embalming process. |
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Term
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Definition
| (lawyer) - simply made a mark on the body to guide the dissector to where to make the incision. |
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Term
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Definition
| - performed much of the work unless the deceased was of high estate |
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Term
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Definition
| the human headed guardian of the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| , the falcon headed guardian of the intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| , the baboon headed guardian of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| , the jackal or dog headed guardian of the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Man-shaped coffins resembling the person they were made for. Usually they were covered with Hieroglyphics (prayers to the gods) and precious metals and jewels (as a symbol of wealth) |
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Term
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Definition
| - upright stone slabs that resemble today's monuments or tombstones. |
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Term
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Definition
| - columns such as pillars in buildings |
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Term
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Definition
| square-cut flat top monument resembling the ground level individual mausoleum |
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Term
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Definition
| - temple-like structures Many with gardens - These resemble the family mausoleums that are common in New Orleans today. |
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Term
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Definition
| said that the soul would survive and hover over the grave for a period of time and demand sacrifices. To appease the soul of the dead, the living must make offerings or sacrifices to the dead. |
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Term
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Definition
| The time frame for making the sacrifices listed under the animistic view would be based upon Epicurean thought. Epicurean thought said that the body and soul would both decompose and that the decomposition would occur at the same time. Therefore, the soul would be in existence as long as the body was still in existence. Once the body decomposed, the soul did also and the sacrifices and offerings listed under animistic view could be discontinued. |
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Term
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Definition
| - the goddess of funerals and corpses and also the Temple to her. This temple functioned much like a funeral home, since the preparations of the dead occurred in the Temple. |
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Term
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Definition
| - head undertaker; the priest in the Libitina temple that prepared the body for disposition |
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Term
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Definition
| - the secular funeral director, that is the funeral director, other than the temple priests that managed the details of the procession. The Designator was very much like a master of ceremonies for the procession |
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Term
| Pollinctores a.k.a. Pollinctors |
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Definition
| - slaves or employees that assisted the Libitinarious and Designator. Embalming was delegated to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| - town crier - in Ancient Rome, they desired for everyone to know about a death and since it was customary for freedmen (slaves that were released by owners) to return for the funeral of their former masters, the praeco had the task of finding the freedmen and telling them of the funeral. |
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Term
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Definition
| the common grave pit was designed for the poor roman citizens and slaves. They would place numerous bodies in one pit and then cover it periodically. |
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Term
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Definition
- soul of the person.
1) The soul is contained in the blood of the individual, therefore, no arterial embalming was performed
2) Since the soul is spiritual, it can never be destroyed and should be returned to the soil with the body
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Term
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Definition
- body of the individual
1) since the body came from the earth, it should be allowed to decompose as quickly as possible with no or little preservation
2) cremation is forbidden because it is the purposeful destruction of the body, therefore, earth burial was the accepted method of disposition
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Term
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Definition
(Holy Brotherhood)
a. Chevrah Kadish was composed of members from the local jewish community and would perform the ceremonial washing of the body to cleanse it for burial
b. Chevrah Kadish was composed of men for a male burial and women for a female burial.
c. Members of the Chevrah Kadish were forbidden to prepare the remains of relatives.
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Term
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Definition
| - shallow grave for the poor |
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Term
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Definition
| - earth grave with stone over the top |
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Term
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Definition
| - either natural caves or man-made tombs |
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Term
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Definition
| (god of strength, known as the most barbarian of the gods) |
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Term
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Definition
| (father of all gods, known for wisdom and justice) |
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Term
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Definition
| (goddess of love and mercy, chooses who enters Valhalla) |
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Term
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Definition
| - the practice of charging the family of a deceased person a mortuary fee to pray the deceased into heaven |
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Term
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Definition
| Many of the ladies and some men of the church perish would get together to pray for each other and for each others families. Out of this comes the practice of having prayer cards to remember the names of the deceased to pray for them. |
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Term
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Definition
| - The steward of the guild served much like a church administrator. He would be appointed by the priest (usually a relative of the priest) and would be in charge of collecting the fee for the use of the church and for prayers. He would also be the one to schedule the funeral mass and see to any details that needed to be accomplished by the church. |
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Term
| the Sexton of the Cemetery |
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Definition
| The Sexton was the person in charge of the cemetery. Usually this person was also a relative of the priest and would have the task of digging the graves. In those days, once the cemetery was filled, instead of expanding the cemetery, they would begin digging in the location of the oldest grave in the cemetery. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the practice of having a visitation where everyone sits around the body. In many cases, there was food and drink to go along with the wake. |
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Term
| Burial Societies (clubs) or Guilds |
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Definition
| - There were 2 types of Guilds that existed during the middle ages. The first was a form of union of stewards and sextons that would not allow others to have any part of funeralization. The more common form of guild is like a large extended family. Each family that belonged to the guild would help pay for the funeral of deceased persons within the guild. This was primarily done because none of the families alone, could come up with the cash needed for a funeral mass, but together, they could pay for a mass. Then when the next person died, they would pool their money again to pay for a funeral. |
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Term
| Burial in Woolen Act of 1666 |
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Definition
| - This was an act supported by two groups in England -- the woolen industry and the expanding paper industry -- that required all persons to be buried in a woolen shroud. Linen had been the preferred fabric for burial. But since linen was of great value in making paper, and at the same time, the woolen industry wanted more customers, the paper and woolen industries unified and secured passage of the act. |
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Term
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Definition
| - This was a custom that began at the time of the Crusades or Holy Wars. When the Christians went to the holy land to fight the infidels, their desired very strongly to return home, whether they were dead or alive. If dead, they asked their fellow crusaders to take their body home. The journey may take months to return home and so the crusaders developed a way to return at least the bones for burial in the deceased's homeland. The Independent Bone Burial started at death by boiling the body of the deceased. Once the body was boiled enough, the flesh would fall off the bones and the bones could be cleaned and packed away to return home. The flesh was usually set afire, tossed, via catapult, into the enemy's camp, or was left when retreating to allow to decay and bring disease upon the enemy if overtaken. The bones were brought back home and given a funeral and burial in the crusader's home church. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Surgeon brought embalming to the masses. The Anatomists at Universities wanted to study the human body, but the church would only allow them to dissect 1 body every 10 years. This meant that the leading anatomists of the day, may have only seen 2 bodies to learn the structures. The anatomists found a way to acquire other bodies for study. They would pay the steward to tell them when a poor person was going to be buried and allow them to embalm the body prior to burial. (This is why the family sometimes did not get to have a say of when and where the funeral would be.) Then the anatomists would pay the sexton to bury the body in a shallow grave, and finally pay thieves to rob the graves and bring the body back to the university. Thus by embalming, they were able to acquire human bodies to dissect and study. |
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Term
| Leonardo daVinci (1452 - 1519) |
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Definition
| a. Embalmed many bodies to study the muscle tones which he then added to his artwork. |
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Term
| Dr. Frederick Ruysch (1665 - 1717) |
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Definition
a. Known as the Father of Embalming
b. Credited with being the first person to embalm a body using the arterial system as the means of preservation
c. Known to be very secretive with his embalming methods, therefore, most of his methods were lost at the time of his death, though we know hw opened the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
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Term
| Dr. William Harvey (1578 - 1657) |
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Definition
| a. Discovered the circulatory system |
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Term
| Marcello Malpighi (1628 - 1694) |
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Definition
a. Father of Histology
b. First to discover capillary circulation
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Term
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)
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Definition
a. Father of Bacteriology
b. Invented the Microscope |
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Term
Gabriel Clauderus (late 17th Century)
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Definition
a. German physician who published a book on Embalming using balsomic spirits
b. Bodies were immersed in balsomic spirits for 5 - 6 weeks |
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Term
Dr. William Hunter (1718 - 1783)
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Definition
a. Along with brother, John, used the femoral artery to inject turpentine for embalmig purposes
b. Hunter's Canal a.k.a. Femoral Triangle |
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Term
John Hunter (1728 - 1793)
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Definition
a. Along with brother, William, used the femoral artery to inject turpentine for embalmig purposes
b. Hunter's Canal a.k.a. Femoral Triangle |
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Term
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Definition
a. a.k.a. Surgeons of the Short Robe - Named such because they simply performed many of the same functions of the trained medical doctor, but did it for the poor who could not afford the best medical care. Those physicians who were university educated were considered the surgeons of the Long Robe.
b. As barbers, they were one of the few people in town with some form of medical instruments and a shop in which to practice. They were more likely to use leaches to suck out blood then to use antiseptic conditions.
c. They began to embalm bodies, much like the university anatomist did for royalty and the wealthy |
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Term
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Definition
1. Predecessor of today's funeral director, this occupation can only be traced back a few hundred years to the English Undertaker. English undertakers came about as a replacement for the steward of the guild of the Roman Catholic Church in the middle ages. For hundreds of years, the steward had handled all the details of funeralization that people desired someone to help them through the funeralization process.
2. With the rise of an occupation came a rise in pomp and circumstance of the funeral, back to the era of feudal funerals.
3. Carpenters and cabinet-makers were the first people to build coffins since the Ancient period of the Egyptians. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social reformer who fought for the rights of the poor and was the first time a government official stated that the government had the responsibility of paying for the burial of a deceased person when there was no funds available from the family. |
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Term
American Funeral Directing
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Definition
Funeral Directing as we know was born here in the United States during the 19th century.
Funeral Directing started with tradesmen undertakers, who may have been a furniture maker, cabinet maker or another craftsman that realized that profits could be made by making (crafting) items that would be used in conjunction with funeralization.
Reposing a person in state after his/her death actually began with nurses, midwives and friends who were the first people to assist in the washing and preparation of the body. Among them, the female undertakers (nurses and midwives) were given the title Layer-out-of-the-dead." (What a job title!) Then the tradesman undertaker began to perform this function as well.
Municipal officers became influential during this time. They included: the cemetery sexton, who was in charge of the cemetery and all burials; the inviter to funerals, who had the task of making certain all family and friends knew of the death; and town undertaker, who was usually a city health officer that was responsible for acting as the coroner in the town. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first coffins were not stockpiled but were constructed after death for a specific person. The primary reason for the existence of these early coffins was the chance for craftsmen to make more money than before. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the early 1800s, coffin and shroud warehouses started to appear. These warehouses began to build coffins in advance of need and store them until needed. The first of such warehouses was the John L. Dillon, Coffin and Shroud Warehouse of New York. It was followed in the mid 1800's by the Stein Company which distributed cloth covered caskets and Crane and Breed Manufacturing, which became the first distributor of metal caskets. During the transition from coffins to caskets, the Barstow Company led the way with the production of the "ogee rim" that would enable a casket to require less material for construction and would curve on the top of the casket to accommodate the deceased lying in the middle of the casket. |
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Term
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Definition
The earliest of coffins were not ornate and usually consisted of wood made into an octagonal shape. Most of these early coffins had no interior lining and were very simple in nature.
As Americans became more concerned with preservation, some coffin companies began to line their coffins with lead for greater preservative powers. |
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Term
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Definition
As the shift from gloom to beauty occurred in the American culture, caskets started replacing coffins. The term casket is an old term for jewelry box, because you put a precious jewel in it. These caskets were more ornate then the earlier coffins and usually included a lining. The most important distinguishing factor separating a casket from a coffin is that caskets are ornate, rectangular containers with many containing an ogee rim first started by the Barstow Casket Company instead of octagonal as the coffin. The Ogee rim is the curved portion of the lid of a casket.
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Term
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Definition
| The first metal casket was the Fisk Metallic Burial Case also known as the Fisk Mummy Case. It was developed by Almond Fisk in the mid 1800's and distributed by Crane and Breed, was an air-tight anthropoidal shape that contained a plate glass over the face of the deceased. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the late 1800's the top of the line casket was a cloth covered casket. The Stein Company's cloth covered casket was of such notariety that President Ulysses S. Grant was buried in the Stein Company, Style E State Casket. These cloth covered caskets were usually constructed of wood, though occasionally metal was used, and then cloth was placed over the exterior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "also-rans" were a group of caskets / coffins that never became a normal product used in American Society. The also rans included caskets made of stone, cement, marble, lead, glass, cast-iron and terra cotta to aid in the preservation of the deceased. These caskets usually were constructed like other caskets of the time, but a few were cruciform (cross) shaped and some had end seals instead of the normal seal on the lid of the casket. |
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Term
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Definition
| Life signals were devises that were placed in caskets (coffins) that were designed to prevent the premature burial of deceased persons. These signals ranged from bells, flags and spring loaded lids that would fly up if the person moved. Needless to say, some kids took great delight in setting off these signals to scare other kids. |
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Term
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Definition
| The purpose of a burial vault has been threefold: the first Burial vaults were designed to prevent grave robbers (called the burial safe); secondly, people wanted the vaults to prevent the earth from crushing the casket; and finally, cemeteries started realizing the value of vaults to prevent the settling of graves. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Latin word for Torchlight procession |
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Term
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Definition
| was a couch-like structure that would hold a dead human body. It was designed to be carried on the shoulders of bearers. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Latin word for Rake or harrow. |
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Term
| The James Cunningham Company |
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Definition
| developed square deck hearse |
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Term
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Definition
| developed the oval deck that had "bent glass" in the sides to make the hearse more ornate |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1896, Fred Hulberg patented a gas powered undertaker's buggy. |
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Term
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Definition
| a. first to offer embalming to general public |
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Term
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Definition
a. translated Gannal's book into English
b. embalmed for Sanitation purposes |
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Term
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Definition
a. first chemical embalming patent in U. S.
b. used vascular system as a standard practice |
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Term
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Definition
a. known as Father of American Embalming
b. claims to have embalmed 4000+ soldiers during the American Civil War
c. developed first crash bag (disaster pouch) for use in transporting Civil War soldiers back home
d. started mass transportation of the dead soldiers
e. invented hand pump for embalming |
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Term
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Definition
| a. first black embalmer registered in the United States |
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Term
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Definition
a. prominent Civil War Embalmer-surgeon
b. Dr. Holmes' brother-in-law |
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Term
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Definition
| a. prominent Civil War embalmer-surgeon who was photographed while embalming |
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Term
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Definition
| a. embalmed President Lincoln and Willie Lincoln |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a. first hydroaspirator for cavity treatment |
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Term
August Hofman and Alexander Butlerov
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Definition
| a. discovered formaldehyde |
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Term
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Definition
| the first recorded grave digger appeared in the person of Henry Gherkin, a Prussian immigrant in Chicago. |
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