Term
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Definition
| A basic unit of meaning- a word, picture or hand gesture |
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Term
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Definition
| The perceptible aspect of a sign (the word car) |
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Term
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Definition
| The conceptual aspect of a sign (the concept of a car) |
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Term
| How are texts read with Structuralism? |
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Definition
| Texts are read an an interrelated system of signs that refer to one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| An intellectual movement that made significant contributions to literary criticism, philosophy, anthropology and history. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of works commonly regarded as central or authoritative to the literary tradition. |
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Term
| What would cause the canon to evolve? |
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Definition
| Works are added or subtracted based on their perceived value as it shifts over time. |
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Term
| Why do feminist and post-colonial critics "attack" the concept of a canon of literature? |
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Definition
| They feel that it is only "dead white men" and other authors are marginalized. |
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Term
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Definition
| A post-structuralist term implicating that the meaning of works is as dependent on their surrounding context as it is on the content of the works themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structuralist and post-structuralist view on the relationships that texts have with other texts through indirect reference, borrow of themes or by reference. |
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Term
| What do Structuralist and post-structuralist argue with regard to intertexuality? |
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Definition
| Argue that texts relate primarily to each other, but not to an external reality. |
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Term
| What is an "Oedipis complex"? |
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Definition
| Freud's theory that a male child feels unconscious jealousy toward his father and lust for his mother. |
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Term
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Definition
| A philosophical approach to reading that attacks the assumption that a text has a single, sable meaning. |
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Term
| What did Derrida suggest was the interpretation of text? |
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Definition
| All interpretation of a text simply constitutes further texts, which means there is no "outside the test." |
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Term
| What affect did Derrida believe occurred when reading text? |
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Definition
| That there is no "outside text" so it is impossible for a text to have stable meaning. |
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Term
| What does the practice of deconstruction involve? |
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Definition
| Identifying the contracitions within a text's claim to have a single, sable meaning, and showing that a text can be taken to mean a variety of things that differ significantly from what it purports to mean. |
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Term
| What does the term feminist criticism represent? |
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Definition
| It is an umbrella term for a number of different critical approaches that seek to distinguish the human experience from the male experience. |
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Term
| What do feminist critics draw attention to? |
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Definition
| They draw attention to the ways in which patriarchal social structions have marginalized women and male authors have exploited women in their portrayal of them. |
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Term
| What is psychoanalytic criticism? |
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Definition
| A form of literary criticism that uses some techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature. |
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Term
| Who were the three leading figures in developing psychoanalytic theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Freudian Criticism? |
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Definition
| The view of art as the imagined fulfillment of wishes that reality denies. |
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Term
| How does Freud believe that artists divert their internal desires? |
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Definition
| An artist's desires translated into their art. |
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Term
| In what way does an audience respond to an artists work? |
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Definition
| The audience will share the same desires as the artist. |
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Term
| According to Freud, how would an artist's biography become useful? |
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Definition
| The biography of an artist will help interpret their work. |
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Term
| What other way is the term "Freudian Criticism" used? |
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Definition
| To describe the analysis of Freudian images within a work of art. |
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Term
| What does the term Marxist criticism represent? |
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Definition
| An umbrella term for a number of critical approaches to literature that draw inspiration from the social and economic theories of Karl Marx. |
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Term
| What impact did Marx feel that material production, or economics did to the course of history. |
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Definition
| That it these determined the course of history and in turn influences social structures. |
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Term
| According to Marx what held these social structures in place? |
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Definition
| The dominant ideology which serves to reinforce the interests of the ruling class. |
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Term
| How does Marxist criticism approach literature? |
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Definition
| As a struggle with social realities and ideologies. |
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Term
| How does New Criticism approach the interpretation of literary works? |
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Definition
| Popular in the mid 20th century, but has since fallen out of favor, that encourages readers to discover the meaning of a work through a detailed analysis of the text itself. |
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Term
| What approach does New Historicism take to examine tests? |
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Definition
| This approach breaks down the distinctions between "literature" and "historical Context" and examines texts and reception based on the dominant social, political and moral expectations of the time. |
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Term
| What other criticism is included in New Historicism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does post-structuralism consist of? |
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Definition
| A movement that was comprised of Deconstructionism, Lacanian criticism and Rokand Barthes and Michel Foucault. |
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Term
| How did post-structuralism criticize structuralism? |
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Definition
| For its claims of scientific objectivity, such as the assumption that language is stable. |
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Term
| What claims did post-structuralist's make with regard to reading? |
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Definition
| Reading always involves a degree of speculation, ideology, desire or power. |
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Term
| What areas did post-structuralist's dismantle? |
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Definition
| Certainties, assumptions, and hierarchies, conventions by exposing conflicting dynamic ideologies operating in language. |
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Term
| In what way did Derrida extend on structuralism's binary opposites? |
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Definition
| He noted how each is also a little hierarchy-one side privileged; and identifying how these binaries work. This will real the ideology that it promotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| a broad and ill-defined cultural movement hosting a range of aesthetic tastes, artistic practices, philosophical beliefs, and social behaviors. |
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Term
| What is the skepticism aspect of post-modernism? |
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Definition
| Toward models of truth, value, history; rejection over over-arching explanatory themes (Grand narratives). |
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Term
| With the skepticism aspect of post-modernism what approach is adopted? |
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Definition
| A relativist approach; ironic works and skeptical interpretations of reason and the community, church, university government. |
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Term
| How does post-modernism view the irreverence approach to texts? |
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Definition
| They focus on artistic traditions; mix tactics of parody and kitsch (the conversion of works of art and important events in history into pop forms. |
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Term
| How does a post-modernist view texts based with an emphasis on contemporary political and technical world processes? |
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Definition
| They state that the world is governed by multinational capitalism, consumerism, media, globalization are the working forces of the world today. Based on a surface appearance, not reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| A constructivist approach to gender and sexuality that asserts that gender roles and sexual identity are social constructions rather then "male" "female" |
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Term
| How does Queer theory examine texts? |
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Definition
| With an eye to the ways in which different authors in different eras construct sexual and gender identity. |
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Term
| Where does Queer Theory draw its roots from ? |
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Definition
| Certain branches of feminist criticism and traces back to the first volume of Michel Foucault's History of Sexuality. |
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Term
| What is one of the characteristics of Modernism that deals with traditions? |
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Definition
| A strong and intentional break with tradition, including being against established religious, political and social views. |
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Term
| What do modernists believe about the world/ |
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Definition
| It is created in the act of perceiving it; it is what we say it is. |
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Term
| How do modernists feel about "truth"? |
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Definition
| It is not absolute, all things are relative. |
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Term
| How do modernists create their experiences? |
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Definition
| They feel that there is no connection with history or institutions, their experience is that of alienation, loss, and despair. |
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Term
| Who do modernists champion? |
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Definition
| Tthe individual and celebration of inner strength. |
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Term
| What do modernists feel about life? |
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Definition
| They feel that life is unordered. |
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Term
| What is main concern for modernists? |
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Definition
| They are concerned with the sub-conscious. |
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Term
| Who is the father of Psychoanalysis? |
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Definition
| Sigmund Feud (1856-1939)He developed theories about how the mind, the instincts and sexuality work. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of therapy that aims to cure mental disorders by investigation interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind. |
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Term
| What is the unconscious mind? |
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Definition
| The part of the mind beyond consciousness which nevertheless has a strong influence upon our actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forgetting or ignoring of unresolved conflicts, desire or traumatic past event-they're forced out of conscious awareness and into the realm of unconscious. |
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Term
| What are the three parts of the psyche? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The conscious, logical, rational mind; mediator between id and super-ego that tries to meet the needs of both yet is guided by morals and society; uses defense mechanisms such as denial, repression, or projection, to deal with the conflicting super-ego and id. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acts as our conscience; reflects beliefs of society, morals, and taboos; opposes the id. Represents the "Strict father figure" |
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Term
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Definition
| "it": The unconscious, irrational, passionate mind. The pleasure-seeking, primal part of the mind concerned with self-survival. Said to be where the libido, or energy behind sexual desire, is located. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which real events or desires are ransformed into dream images representing meanings through concrete embodiments of time, place or person. (latent vs manifest content) |
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Term
| What are the two processes of dream work? |
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Definition
| Condensation and dispalacement |
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Term
| What is Condensation in dream work? |
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Definition
| Many thoughts or subjects are reduced into one image. |
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Term
| What is displacement in dream work? |
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Definition
| A single object or person is represented as something else that happens to be connected to this object in some way. |
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Term
| What did Freud believe about dreams? |
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Definition
| It is an escape-hatch or safety-valve though which repressed desires, fears or memories seek an outlet into the conscious mind. Emotions are censored by the conscious mind and so has to enter the dream in disguise. |
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Term
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Definition
| One pushes, ignores, or forgets unpleasant feelings, traumatic events, or desires into the unsubconscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of defense mechanism used to transform repressed material into something useful or positive. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of devices? |
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Definition
| Disguise the repressed fears and wishes contained in the dreams so that they can get past the censor which normally prevents their surfacing into the conscious mind. Fashioned into something which can be represented in a dream, (images, symbols and metaphors). |
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Term
| How do dreams communicate? |
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Definition
| Don't say things, they show things like literature |
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Term
| What does Freudian Psychoanalytic critic do? |
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Definition
| They give central importance in to the distinction between the conscious (overt content of literary work) and the unconscious (covert content of literary work) mind. |
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Term
| Which is more "privileged" in Freudian criticism, covert or overt content? |
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Definition
| The covert content as being what the work is "really" about. |
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Term
| What do Freudian critics pay close attention to when analyzing content? |
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Definition
| They play close attention to unconscious motives and feeling. They an be a)those of the author, b) those of the characters. Also classic psychoanalytic symptoms, conditions or phases. |
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Term
| What is the "psycho-drama? |
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Definition
| Conflict between generations or siblings or between desires within the same individual) is much more important than the "social drama" (conflict between social classes. |
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Term
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Definition
| innate, universal prototypes for ideas and may be used to interpret observations |
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Term
| What is the collective unconscious? |
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Definition
| Contains archetypes common to all human beings, answers to the fundamental questions of humanity; Life, death, meaning, happiness, fear, ect. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the most active part of the normal human psyche. Reliable communication between it and the conscious parts of the psyche is necessary for wholeness. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unconscious complex that is defined as the repressed and suppressed aspects of the conscious self. |
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Term
| What are the two types of "shadow"? |
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Definition
| constructive and destructive |
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Term
| What is the constructive type of "shadow"? |
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Definition
| It may represent hidden positive influences |
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Term
| What is the destructive type of "shadow"? |
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Definition
| Often represents everything that the conscious person does not wish to acknowledge within themselves. |
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Term
| What is a metaphysical Poet? |
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Definition
| Used to designate the work of 17th century writers who were part of the school of poets using similar methods and who revolted against the romantic conventionalism of Elizabethan love poetry. |
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Term
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Definition
| Latin for "seize the day" It is about enjoying life in the moment because life is short. |
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Term
| How was the concept of carpe diem expressed in writing? |
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Definition
| Male speakers trying to persuade women to seize the day. They wrote poems of seduction. Typically associating women's sexuality and reproductive power with images of flowers and seasonal change. |
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Term
| What is "The Pleasure Principle"? |
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Definition
| Also known as the primary process, seeks continual enjoyment and gratification to maximize pleasure as the highest human value. |
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Term
| What is the affect of "The Pleasure Principle" on society? |
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Definition
| As it is principally egotistic and at odds with society, the world, norms, moral laws, ect. inits drive for gratification. |
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Term
| What is the "Reality Principle? |
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Definition
| Also known as the secondary process, forms as a psychic representative if this resistance on the part of the world. |
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Term
| What is the appeal of the "Reality Principle? |
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Definition
| It appeals to the rationality and common sense and invokes the principle of delayed gratification. |
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Term
| What is the difference between "Reality" and the "Reality Principle? |
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Definition
| It is the psychic representative of real existence not what is real. It is an internalization of the resistance afforded by the outside world. Appeals to rationality and common sense. |
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Term
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Definition
| An identifiable set of aims or the body of doctrine, myth or belief that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| The literal or dictionary meaning of a word. |
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Term
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Definition
| A story that attempts to explain how the world was created or why the world is the way that it is, passed down from generation to generation. Not a "falsehood" it is a story that continues to captivate the human race. |
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Term
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Definition
| Associations and implications that go beyond the literal meaning of a word. (Puns, inuindo) |
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Term
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Definition
| The function of literature in its capacity to represent life. (imitated human action) |
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Term
| What is reader response theory/ |
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Definition
| Their response will govern their response to the text. |
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Term
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Definition
| how dominant groups maintain their power |
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Term
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Definition
| The appearance of manifest content that conceals a deeper truth |
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Term
| What is binary opposition? |
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Definition
| A pair of terms that although opposed to one another are necessarily bound together as each other's condition of possibility. |
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Term
| What is the process of deconstruction? |
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Definition
| It undermines both the philosophy it asserts and the hierarchical oppositions upon which it relies. As a reading strategy, deconstruction is particularly interested in identifying those aspects of a concept or text whose peculiar state of being is to be undecided, neither this thing nor that thing and not nothing either. |
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Term
| How is Derrida's work described? |
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Definition
| Often described as a critique of the philosophy of presence because he destabilizes the opposition between presence and absence, particularly with regard to the sign. |
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Term
| According to Derrida what is a sign? |
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Definition
| The sign as sign is a sign of something else, thus it is most fully itself when it is perceived as something else, but to remain a sign it must also continue to be perceived as different from the thing it represents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as formalism, is a way to treat a work as if it were a self contained , self referenced object that stands alone. |
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Term
| What is cultural studies? |
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Definition
| Also known as cultural criticism, views the text as the locus and catalyst of a complex network of political and economic discourses. |
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Term
| What is a patriarchal society? |
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Definition
| Consists of a male-dominated power structure throughout organized society and in individual relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| A generalization stating that certain properties possessed by a group (e.g. people, things, ideas) are universal, and not dependent on context. |
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Term
| What is transcendental signified according to Derrida? |
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Definition
| A dominant ideological discourse relies on the metaphysical illusion of a transcendental signified-an ultimate referent at the heart of a signifying system which is portrayed as `absolute and irreducible', stable, timeless and transparent-as if it were independent of and prior to that system. All other signifieds within that signifying system are subordinate to this dominant central signified which is the final meaning to which they point. Derrida noted that this privileged signified is subject to historical change, so that Neo-Platonism focused on `the Monad', Christianity focused on God, Romanticism focused on consciousness and so on. Without such a foundational term to provide closure for meaning, every signified functions as a signifier in an endless play of signification. |
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Term
| What is Post-colonial criticism? |
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Definition
| It is similar to cultural studies, but it assumes a unique perspective on literature and politics that warrants a separate discussion. |
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Term
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Definition
| This term in linguistics refers to the ability of language to indicate or signify things not physically present. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a single symbol or word is associated with the emotional content of several, not necessarily related, ideas, feelings, memories, or impulses, especially as expressed in dreams. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defined as the principles or styles characteristic of the literature and art of ancient Greece and Rome that are generally associated with restraint, harmony and adherence to accepted standards of form and craftsmanship. |
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Term
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Definition
| of, relating to, or constituting a revival or adaptation of the classical especially in literature, music, art, or architecture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point at which a character understands his or her situation as it really is. Sophocles' Oedipus comes to this point near the end of Oedipus the King; Othello comes to a similar understanding of his situation in Act V of Othello. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point at which the action of the plot turns in an unexpected direction for the protagonist. Oedipus's and Othello's recognitions are also reversals. They learn what they did not expect to learn. |
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Term
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Definition
| The purging of the feelings of pity and fear that, according to Aristotle, occur in the audience of tragic drama. The audience experiences catharsis at the end of the play, following the catastrophe. |
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Term
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Definition
| to cause to lose or shift from an established center or focus; especially To disconnect from practical or theoretical assumptions of origin, priority, or essence |
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Term
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Definition
| dream analysis, or archetypal symbolism, often figured as a twin, shadow, or mirror-image of the protagonist. |
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Term
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Definition
| He developed elements of organization and methods for writing effective poetry and drama known as the principles of dramatic construction. |
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Term
| Who was the founder of deconstruction? |
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Definition
| Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) ” he found a way of criticizing not only both literary and philosophical texts but also political institutions. Although Derrida at times expressed regret concerning the fate of the word “deconstruction,” its popularity indicates the wide-ranging influence of his thought, in philosophy, in literary criticism and theory, in art and, in particular, architectural theory, and in political theory. |
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