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| the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific are developed. |
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| the inability to read and write well enough to be a functioning member of society. |
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| having insufficient mathematical skills to function in society. |
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| people who can deliberately invest in knowledge and skills, that help make them more productive and bankable |
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| the non academic and less overt socialization functions in schooling |
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| the information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks |
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| a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans. |
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| (Self-fulfilling prophecy) students responding by meeting their teachers expectations |
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| an overemphasis on credentials for signaling social status or qualifications for a job. (Ex: college degree) |
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| symbolic and international resources that people use to their advantage in various situations. |
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| when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes. |
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| hypothesis stating that parental resources are infinite and that each additional child dilutes them. |
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| coupons administered by the government that may be redeemed at any school, public or private. |
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| a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups withing the population typically women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities. |
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| Social Class or Socioeconomic Status (SES) |
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| an individuals position in a stratified social order. |
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| an economic system in which resources are privately owned, and prices, and production, and the distribution of goods are determined by competition. |
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| pre capitalist economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, serfs, and fiefs. |
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| peasant who worked the land |
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| the period around 1700 marked by the introduction of new farming technologies that increased food output in farm production. |
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| establishment of a loyal currency |
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| a legal entity unto itself that has a legal person hood distinct from that of its members, namely, its owners and shareholders |
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| the process whereby the worker is made to feel foreign to the products of his/her own labor. |
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| an economic system in which most or all the needs of population are met through non-market methods of distribution. |
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| a classless society in which the means of production are shared through state ownership and in which rewards are tied not to productivity but to need. |
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| a wage paid to the male workers sufficient to support a dependent wife and children |
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| the selection of the economy that involves providing intangible services. |
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| multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social exchanges and interdependencies |
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| Champagne Glass Distribution |
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Definition
| the unequal, global distribution of income, so named for its shape. |
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| the corporation is legally an individual because it has all the formalized rights, duties, and responsibilities of a person |
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| when one seller of a good or service dominates the market to the exclusion of others, potentially leading to zero competition. |
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| the condition when a handful of firms effectively control a particular market. |
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| a business decision to move all or part of a company's operations abroad to minimize costs. |
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| a company's assault on its workers union with the hope of dissolving it. |
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| power relations among people or other social actors. |
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| the justifiable right to exercise power |
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| authority that rests in the personal appeal on an individual leader |
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| authority based on the appeals to the past or traditions. |
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| a system of authority based on legal, impersonal rules, the rules rule. |
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| the final stage of a social movement, in which it is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the casue, the clear, rule-governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making. |
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| a legal rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to rules and roles and emphasizes meritocracy. |
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| the process of making work consist of specific delimited task. |
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| the methods of labor management introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to streamline the process of mass production in which each worker repeatably performs one specific task. |
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| a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement, a society that assigns social status, power, and economic rewards on achievement, not ascribed, personal attributes or favorism. |
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| the ability to carry out one's own will despite resistance |
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| the probability that a command wit specific content will be obeyed by a given group of people. |
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| defined by Weber, "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory. |
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| although the state's authority derives from the implicit threat of physical force, resorting to physical coercion strips the state of all legitimate authority. |
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| International State System |
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| a system in which each state is recognized as territory sovereign by fellow states. |
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| a system in which the state is responsible for the well-being of its citizens. |
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| the rights guaranteed to each law abiding citizen in a nation. |
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| the rights guaranteeing a citizens personal freedom from interference, including freedom of speech and the right to travel freely. |
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| the rights guaranteeing a citizens ability to participate in politics, including the right to vote and the right to hold an elected office. |
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| the rights guaranteeing a citizens protection by the state. |
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| power attained through the use of cultural attractiveness rather than the threat of cohesive action (hard power) |
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| a system of government wherein power theoretically lies with the people, citizens are allowed to vote in the elections, speak freely, and participate as legal equals in social life. |
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| a form of government that restricts the right to political participation to a small group or even to a single individual. |
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| Collective Action Problem |
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Definition
| the difficulty in organizing large groups because of the tendency of some individuals to freeload or slack off. |
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| an organization that seeks to gain power in a government, generally by hacking candidates for office who subscribe to the organizations political ideas. |
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| an organization that seeks to gain power in government and influence policy without direct election of appointment to office |
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| activity that has the intent of effect of influencing government action. |
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| you must be face to face with the other members of your group. |
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| letter writing campaign, people write letters, but they live in different towns and cities |
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| states that collective actions happens when people with the similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place. |
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| claims that collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others with whom they are in close contact. |
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| theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynotes in promoting particular norms. |
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| collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized but not ritualized. |
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| Alternative Social Movement |
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Definition
| social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of people. |
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| Redemptive Social Movements |
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Definition
| social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical social change in behavior |
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| Reformative Social Movements |
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Definition
| social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society. |
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| Revolutionary Social Movements |
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Definition
| social movements that advocate the radical reorganization of society. |
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| model of social movements based on a concept of structural weakness in society that results in the psychological disruption of individuals. |
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| Resource Mobilization Theory |
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Definition
| model of social movements that emphasize political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources. |
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Definition
| model of social movements that focuses on the structure of political opportunities. When these are favorable to a particular challenger, the chances are better for the succession of a social movement led by this challenger. |
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Definition
| the first stage of a social movement, occurring when the social problem being addressed is first identified. |
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Definition
| the second stage of a social movement, in which resources are mobilized (that is, concrete action is taken) around the problems outlined in the first stage. |
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Definition
| the final stage of a social movement, in which it is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the cause, the clear, rule governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making. |
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Term
| Social Movement Organization (SMO) |
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Definition
| a group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movement, SMO's aslo often raise money, clarify goals, ans structure participation in the movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of social movement organization that relies on high levels of community based participation to promote social change. It lacks a hierarchical structure and works through existing political structures. |
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