Term
| some fxns of bacterial growth that make them difficult to access with drugs |
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Definition
they can grow in large aggregates, like a big mass
can have thick cell walls made of peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| advantage of bacteria's ribosome? |
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Definition
| it's 70S which is distinct from human, therefore, specific ribsome targetting therapies will be specific to the bacteria |
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Term
| a major acid-fast bacteria of concern? |
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Definition
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Term
| major shape clue dx of s. pneumoniae? |
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Definition
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Term
| what shape are vibrio bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a characterisic of all bacillus and clostridium members? |
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Definition
they are all spore forming
spores are very hard to destroy |
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Term
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Definition
it is what gets gram stained. a positive result has a 3D cell wall that is very thicl and heavily crosslinked. negative is 2D and is sandwiched by 2 lipid bilayers.
the key to killing the bacteria is using B-lactam (penecillin, cephalosporin) to interrupt the crosslinking of the bacterial wall. This will create permeability |
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Term
| why gram neg cells stain negative. |
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Definition
| because the decolorization washes away lipids and the GM- bacs are covered by a second lipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
GM- bacteria have a complex on their wall that includes Lipid A. This can get hydrolyzed or release when they die
this lipid is pyrogenic and causes fever -> shock -> multiple organ failure -> disseminated intravascular coagulation (blood clotting) -> death |
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Term
| use of fimbria and pilli? |
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Definition
they have adhesive properties
because the fimbria of e. coli are specific to the epithelium of the urethra, and because of the proximity of the anus to it, UTI are often started this way |
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Term
| bacterial capsule defense mechanisms |
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Definition
can prevent drying, therefore the can live outside of the cells for an extended time
they can protect the cell against antimicrobial agents/phagocytosis (the #1 reason they are so dangerous)
an aside - they are immuno and antigenic so they are useful in subtyping bacteria
vaccines have been made available because they are specific to the antigens on the polysaccharide capsule and make OPSONIZING ABs of several dangerous bacteria making them more likely to be phagocytosed
Mycolic acids are long hydrocarbon chains and when capsules are made up of these, they're practically wax (they acid fast stain) |
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Term
| antibiotics targeting bacterial ribosome protein synthesis? |
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Definition
| aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides |
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Term
| antibiotic targets of bacterial DNA synthesis? |
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Definition
| quinolones, ciprofloxacin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim |
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Term
| what is a risk factor for developing a fungal infection? |
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Definition
| even though they're rare, the use of immunosupressants can increase the risk |
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Term
| an important distinction between hyphae? |
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Definition
coenocystic (hollow and multinucleated)
septate (individual cells separated by cell wall) |
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Term
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Definition
| masses of intertwining hyphae with or without branching. |
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Term
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Definition
Hyphae growing above a surface may produce conidia (asexual reproductive elements often referred to as spores).
airborne spread |
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Term
properties of Entamoebahistolytica
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Definition
vProperties: 2 stages:
vAmeboid or trophozoite (motile, actively feeding stage): In lesions and diarrheal stools.
vCyst (nonmotile, quiescent infective stage):
v |
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Term
| what is a nucleocapsid? what shapes can it be? |
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Definition
| it is when the protein capside and nucleic acid combine. the shapes can be icosahedral and helical |
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Term
| what implications does having a lipid envelope have on a virus? |
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Definition
| it can make it suspectible to detergents, drying, heat, or other chemical treatments |
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Term
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Definition
| a viral chromosome that has been constructed by creating cDNA from viral RNA using reverse transcriptase which is then transported to the nucleus. the cDNA will contain many errors as reverse transcriptase does not contain proof reading abilties |
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