I. Reduces Solar Heat Gain

II. Reduces Winter Loss

I. Engineered H₂O recycling system using man-made wetlands

1. Frank Lloyd Wright design

I. Water drains Slowly

II. Structural movements cause "tears"

III. Vapor pressure cause blisters in the membrane

IV. Leaks can be an issue

V. Not good in northern climates (Icedamps)

I. increases load on structure

II. Complications arise easily

II. Installation can be difficult

I. Account for the finish floors (take subfloor to subfloor total rise, add finish floor thickness upstairs and subtract the finish floor downstairs)

II. Divide total height in inches by estimated riser height (7 inches is good)

III. The whole number is the number of risers

IV. Now divide the total riser height by the number of risers to get the exact riser height

V. Convert the decimal to 1/16 of an inch by multiplying 16 then round off

VI. Subtract 1 from the number of risers to get the number of treads.

VII. Multiply this number times the tread width to get the total run

I. uses Heat to cool

A. Heat source

1. increases water temperature

2. turns into water vapor

II. Pulls heat out of the system

I. highways and street access

II. Traffic volume & patterns

III. Public transportation

IV. air, rail, water

I. Limit reflection

II. Increase echo elimination

III. " " echo control

A. Use peaked cielings

B. irregularities

1. Select recommended background noise criteria for typical occupancies;

2. Identify noise sources – interior & exterior;

3. Calculate required noise reduction;

4. Select partitions, floor & ceiling assemblies whose transmission loss exceeds required noise reduction.

I.Reflection- coming off

II. Absorbtion- staying in

III. Transmission - going through

IV. Diffraction- Bending around

I.Device to change and/or to maintain the position of a device

(e.g. motor) in response to a signal received from the controller

1. Mechanical

2. Electrical

3. Pneumatic

4. Hydraulic

1. Reduced heating

2. ""ventilation/ cooling

3. "" Energy consumption

4. "" Health symptoms

5. Occupant satisfaction

6. "" Comfort

7. Flexibility

I. outside air

II. Treated air

III. Supplyair

IV. Room air

V. Return air

VI. Makeup air

i. only for heating shallow buildings

Either

1. Induction system

2. radiant panel system

3. fan coil system

A. water is media to transfer heat/cool

B. blown over pipes by fans

i. Centralized

A. single vs. double zone

B. Constant air volume

C. single duct vs. double duct

I. Common support space

II. secondary circulation

A. perforated fabric seats

B. Carpet on walls

I. regulate type of construction, configuration, egress,

occupancy, fire protection, etc. – II. set of standards established and enforced for

safety

Establish minimum requirements for protection of health,

safety, and welfare

I. sensors

II. Controllers

III. Actuators

1. prepare bidders list

2.  notify bidders when & where contract documents

3. establish time & place for pre-bid meeting

4. describe bidding procedure

5. notify bidders of time & place to deliver bids

Bioclimatic Design

I. Designing to suit weather conditions

A. yearly patterns (specific areas)

1. uses climatic assets

2. heat transfer through envelopes

3. sunlight

4. humidity

5. shading

6. minimizes climatic liabilities

I. seeks solutions by:

A. emulating nature's time-tested patterns and strategies.

1. to create products and processes that are well-adapted to life on earth

i. Light Transfer

ii. Air Transfer

iii. Moisture Transfer

iv. Heat Transfer

I. Opaque walls

A. Wall performance indicators

B. Thermal Mass

II. Windows

A. Window performance indicators

B. Glazing rating systems

III. Issues of condensation

1. Production

2. Transportation

3. Construction

4. Operation

5. Renovation

6. Demolition

7. Disposal

A. Inspection

B. Adjustment

C. Lubrication

D. Cleaning (non-janitorial)

E. Painting

F. Replacement of parts

G. Minor repairs

I. Solar heat gain management

II. Heat loss management

III. Rainwater management for landscaping

IV. Solar thermal energy generation

V. Solar electric energy generation

VI. Daylighting

VII. Natural/stack venitilation

VIII. Access to the natural environment

VIV. Aesthetic statement

I. The transmittance/ support of: A. applied gravity

B. lateral loads

1. to ground without breaking

I. loads

II. Air movement

III. Moisture

IV. Temperature

V. Radiation

VI. Fire

VII. Chemical attack

VIII. Biological attack

IIV. other manmade phenomena

I. Residential

A. Single family, attached

II. Commercial

B. Education

III. Industrial

I. BREEAM

II. CASBEE

III. LEED

IV. GreenStar

V. Greenmark

I. Organizations develop model codes

II. State legislature adopt (and modify) a model code

III. Local governments adopt the state code and may also modify it

IV. Codes are enforced by the local government

I.Plans Examiner

II. Fire Marshall

III. Building Inspector

A. Initial project research

B. Preliminary review

C. Appeals process

D. Permit process

E. Inspection process

F. Certificate of occupancy

Occupancy types

Occupancy loads

Construction types

Building heights

Building areas

Means of egress

Egress capacities

Fire barriers

Fire suppression systems

Smoke barriers

Fire detection systems

Smoke detection systems

Plumbing fixtures

Ventilation systems

Emergency lighting

Finish selection

Furniture placement

Don't pay all at once

Don't borrow all at once

Cast & Place Concrete

I. formed on the job site via mixing and pouring

I. Spectrum

II. Variability

III. Directionality

IV. Intensity

I. Those factors that make seasonal conditions better or worse

1. Sun

2. Temperature

3. Humidity / Moisture

4. Wind

1. Keep heat/cold out

2. avoid heat loss

3. let sunlight in

4. let winter sun in

5. avoid infiltration

but promote natural vent

Compact Flourescent (CFL)

I. Second best

A. Energy efficiency = 4.7 - 15%

I.Lamps

II. Light fixtures

III. Light controls

A. Switches

B. Dimmer

C. Computer based

I. Energy demand

II. Building sector energy consumption

III. Building energy end-use categories

IV. Site energy vs. Primary energy

V. Energy load profiles

VI. Renewable energy (applications)

I. Uses refridgerators/ AC unitys

A. more common

B. Pump keeps refridgerant in liquid form

1. liquid is attempting to become gas

i. phase change keeps stuff cool

Concrete

(characteristics)

I.Good Compression Strength

II. Bad Tensile Strength

A. Reinforced with:

1. Rerods

2. Rebars

Concrete

(types)

A. Cast & Place

B. Pre-cast

I. temperature gradient causes water vapor to condense

A. Inside is warmer than outside

I. Things to consider:

A. Demand vs. consumption

B. High tech vs. Low tech

C. cost effectiveness

D. Environmental impact

1. local

2. global

A system in which deliberate guidance or manipulation is used to achieve prescribed value of a variable.

I. Things that cannot be moved (stable or bolted furniture)

1. Building height

2. waiting time

3. acceleration/deceleration

4. speed

5. leveling

6. rapid loading

7. smooth/quiet

8. call system

9. lighting

10. air quality

11. safety system(s)

12. maintenance

13. appearance

14. cost

I. Made for deep space

A. Hot air displaces cold air

II. Uses radiators

A. bottom of floor

1. hot air rises

III. Uses thermodynamics to your advantage

IV. Supply of air goes directly to occupied zone

I. two cars on top of each other, which

A. can take twice as many passengers.

B. Both cars can serve calls simultaneously at sequential floors

I. Cuts heat loss in half

A. Due to insulating air space

I. Applied Suddenly

II. Rapid Changes

ex: wind, earthquakes

I. Major cost factor = up to 10%

II. Service quality critical

III. Use consultant

IV. Layout is critical

Types

A. Hydraulic

B. Traction or electric

I. a series of longitudinal and transverse vibrations

I. Aquisition costs

II. Taxes

III. financing

IV. Development costs

V. Incentives

I. the capability of producing an effect/getting things done/achieving a goal

I. Useful work/desired output per quantity of energy consumed, COP

I.Power outage

II. Voltage fluctuation

III. Voltage spike

IV. Electrical noise

V. EMF

VI. Adequacy and locations

I. Weatherproof

II. Visual

III. Thermal

IV. Moisture

V. Ventilation

VI. Sound protection

VII. Integrity

VIII. Security

VIV. Aesthetics

X. Energy generation

I. Cold

A. compact, closed

II. Temperate

B. Can be more expansive

III. Hot humid

C. Expansive, shaded, ventilated

IV. Hot dry

D. compact, closed

Envelope strategies

(vertical zones)

I. internal light shelf

II. operaple window solar screen on window glazing

III. heavy building internal blinds

IV. Photovoltaics

V. Through wall ventilation system

I. Energy

II. Water

III. Materials

IV. Land

Prevents indoors from becoming overheated.

I. Sheilds waves before window contact

I. operable window

II. dynamic exterior shading system

III. Fixed exterior shading system

Iv. Internal blinds

V. "heavy building:

VI. Vegetated facade

VII. Double Facade/envelope

VIII. Through-wall ventilation system

VIV. Photo voltaics on facade

X. Next gen materials

XI. internal light shelf

XII. Solar screen on glazing

I. Ecological footprint

II. Emissions

III. Local environmental impact

A. Heat island effect

B. Pollution

1. Air

2. Water

3. Soil

IV. Regional environmental impacts

A. Sand storm

B. Acid rain

V. Global environmental impacts

A. global climate warming

B. Ozone depletion

Factors affected by Floor shape

I. Thermal

A. Air Conditioning

B. Access to natural ventilation

II. Visual

A. Lighting

B. Natural lighting

C.View

III. Energy Performance

A. Maintenance costs

1.Radiant Environment

2. Air temperature

3.Relative Humidity

4.Air motion

5. metabolism

6. clothing

• Capacity
• Initial cost
• Operation cost
• Efficiency
• Type of fuel/energy
• Equipment size (space concerns)
• Agility (response speed)
• Safety & security (vulnerability)
• Longevity
• Reliability
• Flexibility & adaptability
• Operation (ease, skill sets/know-how required)
• Quality (thermal & IAQ – including materials)
• Central control & individual control
• Maintenance (cost & ease & toxic materials)

I. Building integrity

II. Acoustic

III.Visual

IV. IAQ

V. Spatial

VI. Thermal

I.Purpose is to clean:

A. incoming – outside air (makeup air) (30%)Bacteria, pollens, insects, soot, dust, dirt, foreign gases

B. recirculated – return air (70%)

House dust, lint, soot

Flat Rooves

(advantages)

I. Cover a building of any size

II. Simpler geometry

II. Cheaper to build

IV. Serve as a deck

I. Decking and planks

A. supported by:

1. columns

2. load bearing walls

3. girders

4. beams

5. trusses

Flourescent

(Ballast)

I. Second worst efficiency

A. widely used

I. Placed between double paned glass

A. Act as an insulator

B. Decrease heat transfer

1. Ex: Argon

I. use a gas with a thermal conductivity lower than that of air.

I.Reduce heating/cooling loads by climate-responsive design

II.Utilize a hierarchy of conditioning strategies

III.“Passive” mechanical conditioning

IV. “Active” mechanical conditioning

V. Flexible zoning and user controls

Green Rooves

(advantages)

I. Can double or triple expected life

II. Reduce Groundwater Runoff

III. "  "cooling cost

IV. "  " Sound transmission

V. Improve urban air quality

“If a builder build a house for some one, and does not

construct it properly, and the house which he built fall in and

kill its owner then that builder shall be put to death.

If it kill the son of the owner, the son of the builder shall be put

to death.”

A. service generators- boilers, chillers etc.

B. Service distributors - ducts, pipes (through building)

C. Service terminals- supply and return for air

i. radiators, diffusers

I. Solar radiation

II. internal heat gains

A. occupants

B. lighting

C. Equipments

I. Conduction through:

A. Walls

B. Windows

II. Convection

A. infiltration

B. Ventilation heat loss

I. Treat and distribute air/water or other media to:

A. control

1. indoor air temperature

2. humidity

I. maximize:

A. Enclosure integrity

B. Daylighting for task/ambient lighting

C. natural ventilation

D. Material Sustainability

II. Demonstrate

A. Enclosure heat loss/gain

B. Solar Heat gain

C. Glare Control

D. Load balancing

E. Mean Radiant temperature control

F. Solar-assisted Heating/Cooling/Power

I. Increasing surface area means increasing heat loss

II. Increasing narrowness means decreasing cross ventilation

I. want "smart" controls

A. self diagnostic

1. learn from occupants

I. re-use "gray water"

II. Rain/storm water catchment

III. Bioretention - using manmade wetlands

IV. Green Rooves

V. using H₂O efficient fixtures

A. Faucets

B. Urinals

C. Toilets

D. Shower heads

I. worst efficiency

A. conversion = 1.3-3%

I. Steel structure: upturned I beam

II.Cast-in-place concrete structure: inverted beam and sub-beams

III. Pre-cast concrete structure: inverted T beam, inverted double T planks

Allows some of the heat to be absorbed

I. waves pass through window

A. reflect off of blind

B. eventually make way into room

I.Distraction – can’t concentrate

II. Privacy – can’t engage in private conversation

III. Stress – from sound pattern

Discomfort / inhibition

IV.Health / damaged hearing

I. Design

II. engineering

III. performance feedback

A. what works well

B. how to improve

IV. Understanding/quantifying costs and risks

I. Leadership in Energy and Enviornmental Design

A. credit given:

1. Site selection

2. Developmental density

3. community connectivity

4. brownfield redevelopment

5. Alternative transportation

6. site development

7. stormwater design

8. heat island effect

9. light pollution reduction

I. Mechanical properties (structural)

II. Physical properties

(insulation, water tightness, air tightness, acoustic insulation, daylighting)

III. Apperance

(color, texture, finish)

I. material production

II. Product manufacture

III. Use

IV. End of life

I. Better bulb

A. Longer Lifetime

B. Increased durabilitty

C. Increased reliability

D. Decreased Size

I. Loads that can be moved (chairs etc:.)

I. Transmits load through entire building structure

I. Character of local factors

II. Character of adjacent structure

III. Civic services

IV. Access(traffic & transport)

V. Climate

I. Provides Solar Heat Gain

II. Reduces winter heat loss

I. land planning and engineering design approach to managing storm water runoff.

A. Preserve open space and minimize land disturbances

B. Protect sensitive natural features and natural processes

C. Identify and link on- and off-site “green infrastructure”

D. Incorporate natural features with site designs

E. Customize site design according to the site analysis

F. Decentralize and micromanage storm water at its source

I. aluminum is an excellent conductor of heat

A. thermal short circuit

1.increasing heat lodd

I. Allows solar heat gain

II. Does not reduce winter heat loss

I. Light coming off a surface

A. up or down

1. measured by facing the object

_________________________

I. Light coming from fixture installation surface

____________

  [image]-

estimate of no. of people required at different times during

construction

I. Corrective

II. Preventative

III. Predictive

IV. House-Keeping

I. Cooling towers (30%)

II. sanitary fixtures (37%)

III. Leakage (MunicipalPipes -50% can leak)

IV. Landscaping

V. Sprinkler testing

A. Site work

B. Foundation

C. Enclosure

D. Punch List

I. Roofs

II. Walls

III. Windows

IV. Foundations

V. HVAC system

Mixed Mode conditioning

I. Combines natural ventilation with other conditioning systems

I. Noise Isolation classicfication

A. Measure of privacy

1. blocked speech

I. Noise Reduction Coefficient

A.Sound absorbtion measure

1. between .7-.8

I. Automated Systems open windows at 4 AM

A. Maximize occupant comfort

B. Minimizing non-renewable energy use

C. Multi-mode control (central control and individual control of the environment)

D. Data Acquisition

E. Flexibility and expandability

I. Spatial needs

II. Thermal Comfort

III. Indoor air quality

IV. Visual comfort

V. Acoustic comfort

A. Longevity

B. Flexibility

C.Adaptibility

I. general contractor

i. subcontractors

A. Architect

B. owner

1. attourney

2. insurers

3. financiers

1. Protect health, safety, & welfare of the public

2. Protect the environment

3. Protect property (values)

4. Implement the community plan

I. Interior

II. Mechanical and other services

III. Envelope

IV. Structure

Passive Techniques

I. Closing to climatic liabilities

II. Opening up to Climatic Assets

III. Replacing non-renewable resources with renewable ones

Passive techniques

Daylighting

I. orient lights parallel to windows

(lights closer can be turned off) 

II. Use ultra-reflective material in a tube

III. Needs to be balanced with increased solar heat gain

1. Using daylight as dominant light source

2. Separate task lighting from ambient lighting

3. Introduce indirect-direct lighting to support spatial dynamics without shadowing

4. Maximize lighting quality with high performance luminaires

5. Provide for reconfigurability with plug-n-play fixtures

6. Design for continuous change in lighting zone size and advanced controls

7. Pursue innovative systems integration

1. Design “layers of ownership” for privacy and interaction

2. Design “layers of closure”

3. Design “levels of mobility” for individual workstations and workgroups

4. Design “levels of collaboration” and neighborhood clarity

5. Provide levels of personalization

6. Ensure ergonomics/functional support for individual work

7. Ensure ergonomics/functional support for shared work processes

8. Design for access to the natural environment

9. Ensure environmental infrastructure for changing densities/ closure

10. Ensure technical infrastructure for changing densities/ closure

11. Select interior components for materials & energy conservation

12. Select healthy interior components

13. Design for wear-n-tear, easy/inexpensive to maintain.

Pitched Rooves

(advantages)

I. Drain Quickely

II. Inexpensive materials and installation

III. Easy to:

A. Carry

B. Install

C. Repair

I. professional/trade responsibilities

II. Building delivery process

III. operational islands

Precast Concrete

I. Poured in factory off site

II. Peices are trucked in

III. Assembled with cranes

Preventing condensation

I. Placing the insulation towards the outside

II. Introducting a vapor check

A. thin plastic sheeting/metal foil

Professional and trade responsibilities

(functional gaps)

I. Architectual

II.Structural

III. Mechanical

IV. electrical

R-Value

I. Insulating Value

A. Rooms

B. Walls

C. Windows

1. between 0-50

i.ex: R=.02

I. electro magnetic waves from one object to another

A. function of emissivity and temperature difference)

Regulator forces (zoning ordinances)

I. permitted use

II. Allowable lot coverage

III. Maximum width/depth

IV. Required setbacks/buffers

V. Existing easements

VI. Height limitations

VII. Parking required

I. Exterior walls

II. major vertical penetrations

III. interior parking

I.materials

A. Embodied energy

B. Renewable materials

C. Raw/virgin materials vs. recycled materials

D. Materials and IEQ

II. Land

I. Time it takes for reflections of a direct sound to decay

Room Acoustics

(characteristics)

I. Sound path

II. Source

III. Reciever

I. The building form will have to be rigid and fixed to teh ground

II. The building orm will have mass that must be supported by the ground

III. The building form will have to resist horizontal, wind, earthquake and other forces

I. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient

A. Fraction of incident solar radiation admitted through window

1. directly transmitted

2. absorbed

B. The lower the #, the less heat it transfers

C. Between 0 and 1

i. southern states =.04

I. Sound Transmission Class

A. Measure of T through material

1. higher number means more prevention

Devices that detect or sense the value or the change in value

of a variable being measured

Sewerage (infrastructure)

I. Capacity

II. Location of sewer line

III. on-site plant

A. stuff

B. Space plan

C. Services

D. Skin

E. Structure

F. Site

I. Greatest heat loss

II. permits highest heat gain, daylight transmission

I. Site characteristics (environmental forces)

II. Regulatory Forces (Zoning ordinances)

III. Site utilities

IV. Economic factors

V. Local Factors

A. Urban, sub-urban or rural

B. Greenfield vs. Brownfield

I. Size

II. Shape

III. Topography

IV. Soil and subsurface geology

V. Drainage

VI. Vegetation

VII. Climate

I. Sewerage

II. Electrical power

III.Water

IV. Storm Drainage

V. Energy sources

VI. Telecommunications

VII. Solid waste disposal

I.Internal steel frame with castellated floor beams (with circular, hexagonal

or octagonal openings)

A. long-span composite floor constructio

I. Frank Lloyd Wright design

II. Uses:

A. Indirect and Isolated gain

Sound Source

(characteristics)

I. speed of sound= 340 m/s

II. Frequency measured in hz

III. Loudness measured in db

IV. another facet of measurement

I. Equipment noise

II. Ducts

III.People

IV.Outside

• Number

• Width

• Distance to

• Vertical rise

• Landings

• Railings

• Enclosure

• Clearance

• Riser/tread ratio

• Fire Protection

I. Gross area

A. Rentable area

B. Usable area

C. Assignable area

I. Don't fluctuate rapidly

II. Two types

A. Dead Loads

B. Live Loads

I. underlying structure forming the foundation of a building

The vertical extension of a building above the foundation

1. HVAC

2. lighting and enclosure

3. security

4. data communications

5. envirofriendly

1. Air Motion

2. Radiant Environment

3. Air Temperature

4. Relative Humidity

4. Metabolism

5. Clothing

I. Any material that has the capacity to store heat

I. organizational needs

II. Costs & Quality

III. Environmental sustainability

IV. Architectual aesthetics

I. Absorbtion

II. Compressive

Types of Directional HVAC systems

1.) Centralized - Chiller somewhere in building pumped out everywhere

2.) Decentralized- Ex: Window AC unit

Types of Light Bulbs

I. LED- Light Emitting Diode

2. Flourescent (ballast)

3. Incandescent

4. Compact Floursecent (CFL)

I. Ambient - overall

II. Task - designated for activities

A.) Luminance

B.) illuminance

C.) Luminous flux

Types of Loads

1. Static

2. Dynamic

I. Branch – circuit between fuse (circuit breaker) and appliance

II. Dedicated branch – circuit dedicated to one appliance e.g. copy machine

III. Designated circuit – lighting only, or computers only

IV. Isolated ground circuit – separately wired ground – prevents “electrical noise”

1. Responsive

2. Occupany driven

3. Scheduled

4. Predictive

1. Viscous impingement

2. Dry media (paper, fiber, activated charcoal)

3. Electrostatic

4. Chemical

I. Reflectors

II. Parabolic Louvers (different sized)

III. Direct/In-Direct/ Indirect- Direct

IV. Surface Mount, Penant, recessed

1. Switch

2. Dimmer

3. Computer

i.daylight

ii. heat

iii. motion

I. Airborne

II. Structure borne- through building

A. poke through systems

B. Cellular deck systems

C. In-floor ducted systems

D. Raised floor systems

E. Flat wire systems

I. Potable- drinking

II. Reused - Gray & black

III. Storm rain- parking lots/roofs

IV. Sewage

I. structural grid

II. Thermal Zones

III. Lighting zones

U- Factor

I. Rate of heat loss (of a window assembly)

A. The lower the value-greater resistance to heat flow, the better the insulator

i. ex: cold climates = .35 or less

I. Plenum for distribution

II.Diffuser relocation

III. User control

I. integrated with raised floor system by

A. connecting the secondary beam with the bottom of main beam

I. building core & service area

II. primary circulation

A. Columns

B. Interior walls

C. circulation

relief of some provision of the

ordinance (setback or height limit)

I. Treat and distribute air to control oxygen content and cleanliness of indoor air

and odor

I. buildings

II. Site

III. fire protection

I. Behaviorally

II. Physiologically

III.Psychologically

I. landscaping techniques

II. Density

III. Window Placement

I. Variations in air pressure

A. In wave form

Window performance indicators

I. U-factor

II. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

III. Visible transmittance (VT)

IV. Air Leakage (AL)

I. Assigned Workspaces (Territorial)

1) Closed/Cellular offices

2) Vast open plan – unpartitioned and partitioned

2) Cluster open plan

3) “Combi” Office

4) Combination open and closed offices

5) Caves and commons, personal harbors and personal enclaves

II. Unassigned Workspaces (Non-territorial, Just-in-time)

6) Free address & group address

7) Hoteling

8) Red carpet club offices

I.Prospective not retrospective

II. Applies to private – not public property

III.Divides city into districts

IV. Adjustments or appeals

a local control tool about permitted use, amount,

height, coverage, setbacks, parking, etc

I.heat passes from body to surrounding air

I. Material property

II. Design possibility

III. Saftey (fire)

IV. Cost

V. Material Availability

VI. Construction scheduling

VII. Embodied energy

illuminance

light coming directly from light fixture

measuring --> face fixture

[image]

1. design for disassembly and modification

2. moisture/air barrier detailing

3. detail for rain integrity; rainscreen technologies, water reutilization

4. weathering resilience - sun, wind, freeze/thaw

I. Concurrent systems

A. use natural ventilation/mechanical HVAC simultaneously

II. Changeover systems

B. building alternates between natural and mechanical mode

III. Zoned systems

C. Different conditioning strategies are used simultaneously in different zones

types of conventional HVAC systems

I. All-air

II. All water

III. Air-water

IV. Refridgeration