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| post freudian psychoanalnalysts shifted their focus to this variety of psychoanalytic theory that stresses ego function and de-emphasized instinctual drives |
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according to psychoanalytic theory, an unconscious defense mechanism through which unacceptable (ego-threatening) material is kept away from awareness; the repressed motives, ideals, conflict, memories, etc. continue to influence behavior;
--if you push the person to face underlying feelings, it only increases repression |
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a defense mechanism by which one attributed one's own unacceptable aspects or impulses to someone else
--id impulses are expressed but in a way that is acceptable to ego |
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a defense mechnism that occurs when an anxiety provoking-impulse is replaced in consciousness by its opposite
--id impulses are expressed but in a way that is acceptable to ego |
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| a defense mechanism that occurs when one makes something more acceptable by attributing it to acceptable causes |
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a process through which socially unacceptable impulses are expressed in socially acceptable ways; redirection of impulses from unacceptable object to one that is social in character
--partially significant to the development of culture |
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-inherited portions of the unconsciousand of personality, as postulated by Jung in analytical psychology
-consists of ancestral memories and archetype that are part of each person's unconscious |
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Jung's term for the contents of the collective unconscious--images or symbols expressing the inherited patterns for the organization of experience
--primordial images, they have never been conscious and are part of heredity |
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According to Jung, the unconscious part of the psyche that must be absorbed into the personality to achieve full emotional growth
--personal growth involves an unfolding of this shadow and its gradual integreation with the rest of the personality into a meaningful coherent life pattern |
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in Jung's theory, the feminine, passive element in the unconscious of every male
---to be constructively male or female, individuals must recognize and integrate the opposite sex elements within themselves |
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in Jung's theory, the masculine, assertive element in the unconscious of every female
---to be constructively male or female, individuals must recognize and integrate the opposite sex elements within themselves |
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One of Jung's archetypes, a circle symbolizing the self's search for wholeness and containing designs often divided into four parts
---to achieve unity and wholeness, the individual must become increasingly aware of the wisdom available in perosnal and collective unconscious |
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Alfred Adler's term for physical weakness associated with the helplessness of infancy
--central concept in his theory; begins with recognition of the infants helplessness, a state which makes him vulnerable to any biological inferiority-->feeling of inferiority; struggle to overcome these feelings provide the underlying motivation for lifelong compensarory motivation |
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competition between the siblings of a family that, according to Adler, plays a major role in development
---family as an important context for development through its significant relationships and conflicts beyond Oedipus complex |
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motivation for the individual to compensate for early concerns with physical weakness or illness;
---contrasts sharply with Freud's view of id impulses; can have constructive healthy oucomes;
--if this fails, a person may develop an inferiority complex |
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According to Adler, feelings of inferiority in the individual that stem from the experience of helplessness and organ inferiority in infancy
--if compensatory efforts fail, the person may develop an inferiority complex where they continue to feel extremely inadequate about the percieved inferiority and failing to grow beyond it
--results from a failure to compensate for early weakness through mastery in life tasks |
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Erikson's eight stage of development that extend through life
--each stage centers around a "crisis" or set of problems and the individual's attempt to solve it
--solutions at each level determines how adequate a person will become as an adult |
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| According to Erikson's theory. the person's effort to solve the problem that occur at a given stage of psychosocial development |
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the ego's ability to integrate change in the libido with developmental aptitudes and social opportunities
--ego identity is the sum of the childhood identifications; ability to integrate
--human personality develops according to predetermined steps in the growing person's readiness to be driven to interact with a widening social radius
--society tends to be constituted to meet and invite the succession of potentialities |
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| According to Erikson, a point in psychological development when the adolescent or young child defines his or her identity |
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an approach to psychoanalysis that stresses study of the interaction between individuals, especially in childhood
---objects include other humans; most important object is mother
---shift from focus on instinctual drives to the relationships significant other people (objects) |
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the self percieve not as a single entity, but as an object in relation to other objects, as in Kohut's object relations theory
---this develops in the context of relationship of child and mother |
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mental representation of the others or self, or of relationships that guide subsequent experiences or behaviors
--important in Bowlby's attachment theory |
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safe haven of dependable comfort in a young child's life from which the world can be explored with trust
---develops when a caregiver is reponsive to an infant; secure base becomes an internal working model |
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| An experimental study that puts a young child in an unfamiliar setting to assess individual differences in attachment relations; developed by Mary Ainsworth to examine patterns of attachment |
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| Attitude presented by infants in the Strange Situation, who avoided their mother throughout the paradigm, even upon reunion |
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| attitude presented by infanct in Strange Situation who greeted mother positively upon reunion |
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| attitude presented by infants in the Strange Situation whose reunion behavior seemed to be a combination of contact-seeking and anger |
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in Kohut's view, a state in which the family exposes the child to too much intimacy, stimulation, and intrusiveness; believed this has happened in Freud's time and culture and this produces neurotic problems like the Oedipal complex
---he believed his time was experiencing emotional undercloseness and were not being sufficiently emotionally stimulated |
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learning emotions and behavior from the examples of others
--contemporary patients of Kohut's time did not recieve enough of this --perople fear the destruction of the self when they don't feel empathic human responsed from important others |
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According to Kohut, the psychological deprivation of empathic human repsonses in important other is analogous to the deprivation of oxygen
----perople fear the destruction of the self when they don't feel empathic human responsed from important other
people dfear a world in humaneness is gone forever; this was taken from a dream of on of Kohut's patients |
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| a group of psychologists in the 1940s and 1950s whose study of personality was strongly influenced by the work of Freud and by biosocial, organic theory stressting the integrated, whole aspect of personality; included Murray and White; provided model of personology |
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| intensive psychodynamic study of individual lives as integrated, organized units that was concieved by the "harvard Personologists" |
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a hypothesized motive that, unlike thirst or hunger, does not involve specific physiological changes; psychological desires (wishes) for particular goals or outcomes that the person valued
--developed TAT to understand these motives |
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| desire to acquire mastery of a task for its own sake; arises independently of biological drives |
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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projective test consisitng of a set of ambiguous pictures about which the person being tested is asked to make up an interesting story; developed by Murray and Harvard personologists
--expected that people will interpret ambiguous picutres presented accordingly to their individual readiness to percieve in a certain way (apperception) |
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| need for achievement (n ACH) |
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need for achievement in theory of achievement motivation;
--competition with a standard of excellence; influence by socializing experiences. especially those in childhood |
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| individual's desire to have an impact on other people; researched by David Winter; research has found connections between power imagery in political communication and warfare throughout history |
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| the motivation to warmly and closely connect, share, and communicate with other people in one's everyday life |
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| indirect and projective methods of personality measurement that allow ratings of motives that are not conscious; provide a glimple into human motives not tested on explicit methods; not closely related to explicit measures |
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| provided important analyses of the various forms of defense mechanisms that the ego uses |
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| initiated a different form of the psychodynamic approach known as analytical psychology |
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proposed eight stages of psychosocial development that called attention to psychosocial crisis or problems of social adaptation
--unlike Freud, this is a lifelong process |
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object relations theorists who studied good-bad splitting as the basis of development
---one of the first ppost-Freudian psychoanalysts who focused on the mother child relationship |
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| created theory of attachment; for his the psychological characteristics of the object (mother) were curical, unlike other object relations theory and he emphasized the relationship between mother and child |
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| object relations theorist; Theory based on the idea that western civ's changes should be reflected in psychdynamic theory; developed theory of emotional over and undercloseness, psycholgoical oxygen; emphasis on empathy |
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| post freudian psychodynamic theorists |
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| theorists who were influenced by Freud and retain much of his psychodynamic orientation but transformed its focus and shape and called attention to a variety of human motivations and emotional processes that had earlier been neglected |
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| transformation of motives |
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| unacceptable impulses are transformed into a more socially sanctioned form |
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created by Carl Jung; humans are views as purposive and striving toward self-actualization; the unconscious includes a collective as well as personal unconscious and is a healthy force
--focus became people relations to the unconscious; let unconscious serve as a guide for hohw to live
--ideas remain difficult to study |
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| Jung's four ways of experiencing the world |
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| sensitizing, intuition, feeling, and thinking; people differ consistently in the degree to which they emphasize these |
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| Jung broadened the concept of psychic energy; the meaning of behavior becomes fully intelligible only in terms of its end product or final effects; we need to understand humans not only in terms of their past but also in light of thier purpose and goal striving |
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expanded Freudian theory while taking into account the role of society; unlike Freud, Fromm belived character traits developed from experience with others
--culture is molded by the structure and substance of a given society
--his psychology made room for positive attributes of personality |
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theorized by object relation theorist Melanie Klein; children divide the world into good and bad; tendency to fragment everything rather than integrate
---the core conflict is a struggle between positive feelings of love and negative feelings of hate
---development is seen as a process by which babie being with a world that is good and bad followed by continuing to emotionally split the world further; development is negative when it is balanced toward everything being bad
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Therapy: undoing balance, recognizing and overcoming inner conflicts and devleoping a more integrated and positive image of the self |
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| developed the strange situation paradigm to examine patterns of attachment |
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| changed views of the healthy and disturbed personality; believed that vast changes in family structures in Western Culture needed to be taken into account in psychodynamic theory |
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| Reinterpetation of the Oedipal complex by Kohut |
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| boy fears confrontation from a mother who in nonempathic and sexually seductive and from a father who is competitive and hostile; when parents dont respond appropriately, there is a defect in self and child tends to experience sexual fantasies and the fragments of love instead of love |
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