Term
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Definition
| Tissue is a group of similar cells and materials surrounding them. |
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Term
What is metabolism? What is anabolism verses catabolism?
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Definition
| Metabolism is the sum of all internal chemical changes. Anabolism is the process of synthesizing complex molecules from simpler one (ex. protein synthesis). Catabolism is when complex molecules are broken into simpler ones; the opposite of anabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excretion is the separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body. |
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Term
What is the basic concept of differentiation of cells? What is the relevance of when cells become dedifferentiated?
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Definition
| Differentiation is the transformation of cells with no specialized functions into cells that are committed to a particular task. Ex. Bone marrow stem cell differentiating into a red blood cell. Dedifferentiation is where cells of a particular tissue start to behave and appear less and less like the tissue they originated from as they multiply to become a tumor; this is a hallmark of cancer. |
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Term
What is homeostasis and what are some common examples?
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Definition
| Homeostasis is the tendency of a system to maintain internal stability. An example is human thermoregulation and sitting up in bed causing a drop I blood pressure. |
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Term
What is meant by a dynamic equilibrium and how does this relate to the concept of a physiological set point?
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Definition
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Term
What is negative feedback? Give an example.
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Definition
| Negative feedback is when the deviation from the set point is made smaller. An example s blood pressure regulation. |
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Term
What is positive feedback? Give an example.
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Definition
| Positive feedback is when the response from the set point is made greater. Examples are childbirth, blood cloth and generation of nerve signals. |
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Term
Where are baroreceptors located, and what function do they perform? In what type of feedback are they involved?
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Definition
| Baroreceptors are located in the arteries near the heart (aorta) and blood vessels in the neck (carotid). They alert the cardiac center in the brainstem to regulate blood pressure. Negative feedback. |
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Term
What function does the hormone oxytocin serve during childbirth? Where is the hormone produced? Where is its target? What is the stimulus for its release into the circulation?
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Definition
| Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes fetus towards cervix. Oxytocin is produced in the pituitary gland. Its target is the uterus. The head of the fetus pushes against the cervix sending nerve impulses from the cervix to the brain. |
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Term
Discuss the basic concept of physiological gradients and give examples.
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Definition
| A physiological gradient is a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points. Spraying perfume in a room is an example of going down the gradient as the substance disperses through the air. |
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Term
What are the major body cavities and what organs are found in each cavity?
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Definition
The major body cavities are cranial cavity- brain, thoracic cavity- heart; lungs and part of the digestive system, abdominal cavity- digestive organs (esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
, pelvic cavity- urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs. |
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Term
Describe anatomical position.
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Definition
| Person stands erect; feet flat on floor; arms at side; palms, eyes, and face facing forward. |
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Term
Define the following anatomical planes: sagittal, coronal, and horizontal.
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Definition
| Sagittal plane- divides the body into right and left halves. Coronal- plane divides body into front and back portions. Horizontal- plane divides body into upper and lower portions. |
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Term
Understand basic directional terms in human anatomy, e.g., lateral and medial…
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Definition
| Anterior- toward the front surface. Posterior- toward the back. Superior- toward the head. Inferior- away from the head. Medial- toward midline. Lateral- away from midline. Superficial- toward the surface. Deep- farther from the surface. Proximal- closer to the trunk. Distal- farther from the trunk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Principal organs: skin, hair ,nails, cutaneous glands. Principal functions: Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensations, nonverbal communication. |
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Term
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Definition
Principal organs: Bones, cartilages, ligaments.
Principal functions: Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acid-base balance. |
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Term
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Definition
Principal organs: Skeletal muscles
Principal functions: Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat control. |
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Term
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Definition
Principal organs: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
Principal functions: Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease. |
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Term
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Definition
Principal organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Principal functions: Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech. |
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Term
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Definition
Principal organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
Principal functions: Elimination of waste; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification. |
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Term
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Definition
Principal organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia.
Principal functions: Rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control an sensation. |
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Term
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Definition
Principal organs: Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
Principal functions: Hormone production; internal chemical communication and coordination. |
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Term
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Definition
Principal organs: Heart, blood vessels
Principal functions: Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolytes and acid-base balance. |
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Term
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Definition
Principal organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Principal functions: Nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood. |
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Term
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Definition
Principal organs: Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, penis.
Principal functions: Production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones. |
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Term
| Female Reproductive System |
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Definition
Principal organs: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands.
Principal functions: Production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones. |
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