Bryozoa^P

AKA Moss Animals

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• introvert - stalk-like neck that supports the lophophore
• lophophore - feeding structure with tentacles and cilia
• funicular system - can't live alone; are connected to other individuals 
• colonial - physiologically integrated
• multicilated cells
• coelomopores - a little pore in the body where the gametes are expelled
• the end of the reproductive system
• possibly evolved from the metanephridial system (which is non-existent in bryozoans; was possibly taken out by reproductive system

Chaetognatha^P

AKA Arrow worms

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• grasping spines made of chitin that are venomous and comes out of anterior end
• protected by a hood-like structure derived from the epidermis
• ciliary fences - ctene/comb rows
• double-walled lateral fins that are not homologous to fins of fishes 
• derived from epidermis
• used for locomotion
• stratified epidermis
• only invertebrate to have a doubling of the epidermis on the trunk

Annelida^P

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• four buncles of simple chaetae per segment
• chaetae made of β-chitin
• chaetoblast responsible for making chaetae

Polychaeta^C

AKA Bristleworms

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• parapodia - fleshy extensions of the body generally used for locomotion but some are specialized for different functions
• pedal ganglia
• nuchal organs - chemoreceptors
• highly developed in predator species, used to sense prey
• pair of pygidial cirri
• fattened up sensory organ

Clitellata^C

• clitellum

 Oligochaeta^sC

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• muscular bulb in the muscular wall of the pharynx

Hirudinomorpha^sC

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• posterior sucker
• dorsal anus anterior to sucker
• superficial annulations
• unpaired midventral gonopore
• ectoparasitic

Echiura^C

AKA Spoon worms

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• prostomium 
• pair of anterior and ventral chaetae
• 2 posterior rings of chaetae
• prostomial and trunk coeloms
• intestinal siphon

Sipuncula^C

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• eversible introvert
• introvert retractor muscles
• tentacles
• tentacular coelom 
• j-shaped digestive tract
• intestinal cilary groove
• cuticle with scattered hooks
• hemerythrin in cells 

Phronida^P

AKA Horseshoe Worms

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• corpuscular hemoglobin in hemal system
• if there is hemoglobin in the blood, then it is usually extracellular 
• usually quite big (not good), small hemoglobin can bind more oxygen
• cellular hemoglobin reduces osmotic pressure 
• super collectors of oxygen
• actinotroch larva
• loss of chaetae
• every larval stage has an increase of tentacles
• body size is directly correlated to the number of tentacles they have

Brachiopods^P

AKA Lampshells

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• bivalve shell and mantle
• brachia
• heart is dorsal 
• digestive ceca
• extension that passes things around the body

Nemertea^P

AKA Ribbon Worms

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• rhynchocoel and proboscis
• rhynchocoel is where the proboscis lies
• loss of chaetae
• apomorphy of the general clase
• apomorphy does not have to be maintained throughout the clade

Mollusca^P

• dorsal mantle with secreted chitin cuticle and calcareous spicules
• radula, foot and paired pedal retractor muscles
• bipectinate gills (ancestral form) but unipectinate gills also present
• structure that looks like a feather
• central structure with two lobes coming off of it
• tetraneural nervous system consists of four axes of the nervous system
• separate ganglia for separate sections, pleural = lungs, pedal = foot, parietal = digestive system, visceral = also digestive
• mantle can result in a shell

Aplacophora^C

Shell-less

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• cylindrical vermiform body
• foot reduced
• mantle with cuticle and spicules (no shell)
• dorsoterminal sense organs
• gonads open into pericardial coelom instead of their own gonad coelom

Conchifera^?

• one piece shell with periostracum and calcareous layers
• mantle margins with 3 folds
• crystalline style
• mantle spicules absent
• 8 pairs of dorsoventral pedal retractor muscles

Ganglioneura^?

• neuron cell bodies concentrated in paired ganglia 
• single pair of foot retractor muscles 

Rhacopoda^?

• posterior mantle cavity
• extensible head (head can move in and out) lol
• tail, conical shell

Gastropoda^C

Snails

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• torsion
• twisting
• usually coiled, asymmetrical 
• anterior mantle cavity
• streptoneurous nervous system
• operculum
• plate like structure attached to the bottom of the foot of the cell that functions as a closing door when snail retreats into shell
• protection from predators, dessication etc.
• left gonad lost

Cephalopoda^C

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• pelagic
• chambered shell
• hydrostatic organ
• beaks and tentacles
• extreme cephalization
• camera-style eyes
• muscular mantle
• crystalline style lost
• macrolecithal eggs

Ancryopoda^?

• mantle, gills, mantle cavity developed laterally
• valves joined dorsally and free ventrally
• foot adapted for digging

Bivalvia^C

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• bivalve shell with hinge
• adductor muscles
• radula lost

Ecdysozoa^SP

• moulted exoskeleton
• setae
• alpha-chitin

Cycloneuralia^?

• terminal mouth
• ringlike circumpharyngeal brain
• sucking pharynx

Nematoda^P

AKA Roundworms

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• three circumoral rings
• pair of amphids
• epitheliomuscular pharynx

Paranthropoda^?

• segmentation 

Tardigrada^P

AKA Water bears

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• 4 pairs pf short uniramous legs
• sucking pharynx
• eutele
• body is head + 4 trunk segments
• anterior-most appendages vestigial 
• stylet

Onychophora^P

AKA Velvet Worms

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• lobopods with articulations
• unbranched tracheae
• multiple nerve commissures/segments
• commissure = interaction between tissue, nerves innervate
• oral papillae with slime glands
• papillae = outpocketing of tissue
• nipple like structure that has some sort of function, in our case, secretes slime 
• body wall muscles in continuous sheets 

Arthropoda^P

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• articulated exoskeleton with plates
• jointed appendages 
• individuals muscles
• pair of lateral compound eyes
• 4 pairs of median ocelli 
• 6 pairs of saccate nephridia 
• saccate = sac-like
• head with acron + 5 segments
• acron = pre-segmental party (mostly a plate)
• pair of pre-oral appendages + 3 other appendages
• larvae with 3 pairs of appendages

Crustacea^sP

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• two pairs of antennae
• two pairs of maxillae
• antennal and maxillary segments have saccate nephridia
• tagmata are head and trunk
• trunk appendages are biramous
• all trunk segments have appendages 
• suspension feeders use mixopods and a ventral food groove 
• compound eye present

Hexapoda^sP

• trunk divided into thorax and abdomen
• thorax has three pairs of limbs

Myriapoda^sP

• median ocelli lost
• compound eyes lack crystalline cones
• ommatidia are few and loosely arranged

 Chelicerata^sP

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• second segment has chelicerae
• body consists of cephalothorax and abdomen
• cephalothorax consists of acron plus 7 segments
• six paired appendages on cephalothorax
• abdomen has 12 segments
• first head segment appendages lost

Arachnida^C

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• terrestrial
• second appendages are pedipalps
• gas exchange via book lungs
• compound eyes divided into five pairs of single eyes
• internal fertilization
• femur of walking legs is biarticulate
• abdomen has twelve segments

Aranea^O

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• abdominal silk glands, spinnerets, and silk
• venom glands in chelicerae
• sperm transfer in direct with pedipalp and sperm web

Deuterostomia^SP

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• enterocoely
• blastopore becomes anus
• suspension feeding pharynx with gill slits
• lecithotrophic larva

Echinodermata^P

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• pentamerous symmetry 
• water vascular system
• mutable connective tissue
• can harden/soften ectoderm tissue
• go rigid/flaccid
• ossicles

Crinoidea^C

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• body divided into crown and stem
• arms with pinnules
• ring canal bears many stone canals
• heart, kidney absent

Asteroidea^C

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• eyespot at each arm tip
• paired pyloric cecum in each worm
• gonads in arms
• bipinnaria larva

Echinoidea^C

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• test of fused ossicle
• Aristotle's Lantern
• periproct has 10 ossicles
• skeletal pores for each foot
• polian vesicles lost

Holothuroidea^C

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• minute ossicles in thick dermis
• body wall musculature in 5 longitudinal bands
• microphagus, retractable buccal podia

Hemichordata^P

AKA Acorn Worms

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• dorsal and central longitudinal nerve cords
• stomochord 
• muscular locomotory secretory protostome
• valved collar ducts

Chordata^P

• dorsal hollow nerve cord with open anterior neuropore
• notochord
• pharynx with endostyle
• ventral postoral heart
• fins
• cross-striated longitudinal muscles for swimming

Tunicata^sP

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• tunic
• buccal tentacles
• heartbeat reversal
• neural gland
• pyloric gland
• hermaphroditic
• tubular notochord with extracellular lumen
• determinate development

Cephalochordata^sP

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• muscular notochord
• myoglobin
• staggered myomeres
• asymmetric larva

Protostomes

• spiral clevage
• blastopore becomes mouth
• nerve cord of the CNS are ventral
• Nemertea, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca

Deuterostomes

• radial cleavage
• blastopore does not become the mouth (anus)
• nerve cords on the CNS are not ventral
• Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata

Segmentation

• derived from the ectoderm
• can be confined to only ectoderm

Metamerism

• derived from the mesoderm
• confined only to the ectoderm and mesoderm

Metamerism Advantages

• build large organism from a simple plan
• effective servicing of major systems
• enables flexible and/or complex movement
• loss of parts not fatal
• oppurtunities for specialization

Metamerism Disadvantages

• every organ must be replicated, so new adaptations are either limited or necessitate the reduction in metamerism