Term
|
Definition
| Caused by humans, as air pollution. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Reduction of ozone (O3) concentration in the ozone layer. |
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Term
|
Definition
Theory that accounts for many observed geological phenomena that
result from the movement of tectonic plates. |
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Term
|
Definition
The leading scientific explanation of the universe’s earliest history.
The theory supposes that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state, and that
it has been expanding and cooling ever since. |
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Term
|
Definition
The central portion of a celestial body; innermost layer of Earth, consisting of a
solid inner core and a liquid outer core. |
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Term
|
Definition
Thin, outermost portion of Earth; outermost rocky units of Earth usually divided
into two types: a thinner, oceanic (basaltic) crust and a thicker, continental (granitic)
crust. |
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Term
|
Definition
The mass per unit volume of a substance commonly expresses in grams per
cubic centimeters. |
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Term
|
Definition
Process by which atoms combine to make heavier elements; the process by
which the sun produces its energy |
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Term
|
Definition
Separation of a substance into two or more parts on the basis of physical
or chemical properties. |
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Term
|
Definition
System or aggregation of stars, dust clouds, and cold dark matter, aggregations
of billions of stars. |
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Term
|
Definition
The four, mostly gaseous, giant outer planets of the Solar System:
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spherical rocky layer of Earth that lies between the crust and outer core. |
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Term
|
Definition
Giant cloud of gas and dust that provides the material from which stars
coalesce. |
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Term
|
Definition
The process by which the elements are built up from protons and
neutrons. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Term used to describe small bodies that are accreted to form the Earth
and other planets. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A slowly growing aggregate of planetesimals colliding and coalescing into
a planet under the force of gravity. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A large cloud of dust and gas gradually coalescing into a star under the force
of gravity. |
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Term
|
Definition
The spontaneous emission of particles or energy from nuclei that are
inherently unstable. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Account of the formation of the Solar System in which a large
nebula condensed to form the sun and its attendant bodies. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The sun, the nine planets, the moons orbiting the planets, and all other
bodies subject to the sun’s gravitational influence: That is, comets, asteroids, and debris
such as interplanetary dust. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Charged particles that exit the sun at high speed: corpuscular radiation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
An explosive stellar event during which most of the mass of a large star is
expelled at a high speed; a stellar explosion triggered by a rapid collapse of a massive
star; the brilliant light given off by an exploding star. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The four Earth-like planets closest to the sun and similar in size
and composition: Earth, Venus, Mars, and Mercury. |
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Term
|
Definition
The layer below the lithosphere that is marked by low seismic wave
velocities and high seismic attenuation. The asthenosphere is a soft layer, probably
partially molten. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Earthquake waves that travel through Earth rather than around its surface. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The horizontal displacement or rotation of continents relative to one
another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A band on the Earth’s surface where two lithospheric plates collide. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Vertical heat transfer by a moving fluid. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A region within the mantle where combined vertical and horizontal
movement distributes mantle material in a wheel-like cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A band along which moving plates collide and area is lost
either by shortening and crustal thickening or by subduction and destruction of crust.
The site of volcanism, earthquakes, trenches, and mountain building. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A belt along which plates move apart and new crust and
lithosphere are created; the site of mid-ocean ridges, shallow-focus earthquakes, and
volcanism |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A hypothetical supercontinent comprising approximately the present
continents of the Southern Hemisphere. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The surface expression of a mantle plume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Innermost zone of Earth occupying approximately one-fifth of its radius
and thought to be formed of a solid, iron-nickel alloy. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Group of volcanic islands oriented in an arc pattern, as seen in a map view,
and associated with a deep-sea trench. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypothetical supercontent comprising approximately the present continents
of the Northern Hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The outer, rigid shell of Earth, situated above the asthenosphere and
containing the crust, continents and plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A major elevated linear feature of the sea floor consisting of many
small, slightly offset segments; characteristic type of plate boundary occurring in a
divergence zone; a site where two plates are being pulled apart and new oceanic
lithosphere is being created. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mostly liquid iron sphere from the boundary with the inner core to the
bottom of the mantle. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Type of body wave that manifests itself in a push-pull
(contraction-expansion) motion; first body wave to arrive after an earthquake; such a
wave can be transmitted through solids, liquids, and gases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypothetical united land mass named by Alfred Wegener for the
supercontinent that formed during the later Paleozoic from all the present-day continents
(“all land”) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An interpretation given to observation that the position of the
magnetic north pole varies with time as a result of plate movement. |
|
|
Term
| Polar (magnetic) reversals |
|
Definition
A change of the Earth’s magnetic field to the opposite
polarity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fault trough formed in a divergence zone or other area of tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One of the dozen or so more segments of the lithosphere that are internally rigid
and move independently over the interior, melting in convergence zones and separating at
divergence zones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Theory that accounts for many observed geological phenomena that
result from the movement of tectonic plates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypothetical rising of hot, partially molten material, perhaps emanating from
the mantle, and believed by some to be responsible for intraplate volcanism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of earthquake body wave that moves with a vertical
shaking motion and that arrives after P-waves; such a wave can only be transmitted
through a solid (rigid) body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Area on Earth’s surface that does not receive S-wave from an earthquake
because they are damped out upon encountering Earth’s liquid outer core (S-wave
shadow); an area on the Earth’s surface that will not receive P-waves from an earthquake
because of the refraction of the waves as they pass through the outer core (P-wave
shadow zone). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A band on the Earth’s surface where one lithospheric plate sinks
beneath another at a convergence boundary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Elongate and deep, V-shaped, valleylike seafloor feature associated with
subduction zones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Half the height from peak to the trough of a wave; or, the height of a water
wave from the still-water line. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Estimates of the probability of an earthquale of a given
magnitude occurring along a given fault segment within a specified time period. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slow, imperceptible movement of earth materials downslope of earth’s surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase of rock volume due to formation of microcracks produced by stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Measure of human reactions to ground shaking and upon
damage caused by an earthquake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Measure of the strength or strain energy released by an
earthquake at its source. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The point at the surface of earth directly above the focus of an earthquake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An abrupt release of stored elastic strain energy between two rock
masses on either side of a fault. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strain that is totally recoverable, as in a rubber band. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A measure of an earth material’s ability to retard the flow of
electricity; the opposite of conductivity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A fracture or fracture system that has experienced movement along opposite
sides of the fracture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The point or location in Earth where earthquake energy is first released. During
an earthquake event, seismic energy radiates out from the focus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The downslope movement of rock and/or soil as a semicoherent mass on a
discrete slide surface or plane. |
|
|
Term
| Spontaneous liquefication |
|
Definition
Process whereby water-saturated sands, clays, or artificial
fill suddenly become fluid upon sharking as in an earthquake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Of, involving or expressing in terms of a logarithm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A seismic surface wave propagated by straight-line transverse particle
motion that lies in the surface along which the wave is moving. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A scale of earthquake intensity that measures the strength of an
earthquake in a particular place by its effect on buildings and people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A radioactive gas emitted in the breakdown of uranium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A seismic surface wave propagated by a retrograde circular orbital
motion of rock particles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A numerical scale of earthquake magnitude measured by the amplitude
of the largest wave on a standard seismograph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small earthquakes that follow a large quake by an interval ranging
from a few seconds to a few weeks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small earthquakes that precede a large quake by an interval ranging
from a few seconds to a few weeks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Area along an active fault zone that is capable of producing large
earthquakes but has not produced one recently. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phenomena that tend to precede an earthquake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Map that depicts the seismic risk of a particular area or region. Are
often based on past earthquake activity or on the probability of a specified intensity of a
shaking occurring over a specific period of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid movement of earth material over a fracture surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Instrument that records earthquakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A record of an earthquake derived from a seismograph. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Force per unit area; may be compressive, tensile, or shear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change in shape or size of a material as a result of applied stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy stored as result of strain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Earthquake waves that travel around the Earth’s surface rather than
through it.
Transform fault – Plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Plate boundary with mostly horizontal (lateral) movement that
connects spreading centers to each other or to subduction zones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A volcano that is erupting or is expected to erupt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A volcanic rock of intermediate viscosity and characterized by a silica
content of about 60%. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A volcanic rock of low viscosity and characterized by a silica content of about
50%. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A large circular depression caused by an explosive volcanic eruption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A small volcano, as high as 300 m, made up of loose pyroclastic
frangments. |
|
|
Term
| Composite or stratovolcanoe |
|
Definition
A volcano that consists of alternating layers of
unconsolidated pyroclastic material and lava flows. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A volcano that is not now erupting but has erupted in the past and
will probably do so again. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A volcano that is expected never to erupt again. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eruption of lava via elongated fissures through the crust. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Basaltic lava that erupts gently in great volume from cracks on the
Earth’s surface. To cover large areas of land and form basalt plateaus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid magma that flows onto the Earth’s surface from a volcano or fissure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Molten rock, sometimes containing suspended mineral grains and dissolved
gases, that forms when temperatures rise sufficiently for melting to occur in the Earth’s
crust or mantle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A swiftly flowing, often red-hot cloud of gas, volcanic ash, and other
pyroclostics, formed by an explosive volcanic eruption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material ejected explosively from a volcanic vent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Water vapor, carbon monoxide, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid
and other gases emitted from a volcano. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A vertical, pipelike intrusion formed by the solidification of magma in
the vent of a volcano. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phenomena that tend to precede a volcanic eruption. |
|
|
Term
| Volcanic (resurgent) dome |
|
Definition
Uplift of the collapsed floor of a caldera due to rising
magma to form a structural dome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water vapor emitted by a volcano. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A volcanic rock of high viscosity and characterized by a silica content of about
70%. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A volcano that emits fluid lava and builds a broad, dome-shaped
edifice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Resistance of a fluid (or plastic) to flow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Half the hight from the peak to the trough of a wave; or, the height of a
water wave from the still-water line. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A wall of water that results when an onrushing wave becomes concentrated in a
long, narrow bay or river mouth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The level of water at the coast receding noticeably just before the onset of a
tsunami. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The water level achieved by a tsunami once it hits the shore; expressed as the
height in meters above normal high tide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An explosive eruption in which a steady, turbulent, nearly vertical
column of as and steam is released from a vent at high velocity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapid downslope movement of sediment and rock over the
ocean floor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapid downslope movement of soil and rock over the land
surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An earthquake which generates a tsunami that is anomalously
large with respect to the magnitude of the quake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Measure of the intensity of a Tsunami in terms of the coastal
damage produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Measure of the magnitude of a Tsunami in terms of the logarithm
of the maximum wave amplitude observed locally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The distance between the crests of adjacent waves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A situation in which the energy of a long section of a wave is concentrated
on a particular coastline as a result of seafloor topography or shoreline configuration. |
|
|
Term
Evidence that the universe originated in a “big bang” includes
a. the difference in composition of the planets.
b. the observation that stars are all moving apart
.
|
|
Definition
| b. the observation that stars are all moving apart. |
|
|
Term
The age of the earth is approximately
a. 450,000 years
b. 4.5 million years
c. 3.7 Billion years
e. 4.5 billion years
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Once internal differentiation was complete, the earth'
s surface remained essentially unchanged
to the present. T or F?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The earth
’s core consists mainly of iron, the least dense minerals are found in the crust.T
or F?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the ultimate energy source driving plate motions?
a. heat transfer
b. solar energy
c. electrical currents
b. gravitational collapse
e. magnetic field reversals
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Subduction ....
a. occurs where plates diverge
b. results in the recycling of the oceanic lithosphere.
c. is associated with earthquakes
d. both b and c.
e. is something else.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The crust of the earth is composed of 20 to 22 plates. T or
F
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Iceland lies over a subduction zone. T or
F
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A magnitude 7 earthquake releases ______ times more energy than a magnitude 5.
a. 1.4
b. 2
c. 30
d. 90
e. 900
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is liquefaction? It is..
a. when grains loose cohesion and flow.
b. the eruption of water out of the ground.
c. when rocks deform slowly.
f. none of the above.
|
|
Definition
| a. when grains loose cohesion and flow. |
|
|
Term
P-waves can travel through solids only, S-waves can travel through both liquids and solids. T or
F
?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A locked section of a fault is a very safe place to live because, by definition, it will not slip. T or
F
?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In igneous rocks and magmas, increasing silica implies
a. higher viscosity.
b. volcanoes with steep sides.
c. more explosive volcanoes.
d. b and c.
e. a, b and c.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Possible precursors of volcanic eruptions include...
a. increased earthquake activity.
b. increased tilting of the ground.
c. increased temperature in hot springs.
d. compositional changes in vented gasses.
e. all the above.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Flood basalt are those that flow across and block stream channels, causing flooding. T or
F
?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
People can be killed by poisonous gases emitted by a volcano even before they realize that they
are in danger.
T
or F?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tsunamis
a. are sometimes called tidal waves but have nothing to do with tides.
b. cross the ocean as huge breakers
c. travel at approximately 90 km/h, which is fast by comparison to normal ocean waves.
d. All the above are true.
|
|
Definition
a. are sometimes called tidal waves but have nothing to do with tides. |
|
|
Term
The height from the still water line to the crest of a tsunami is its
a. wave heigh
b. wavelength
c. run-up heigh
d. amplitude
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Pacific basin-wide Tsunami early warning systems has been largely ineffective. T or
F
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The magnitude of a tsunami is always determined by the magnitude of the earthquake that
generates it. T or
F
|
|
Definition
|
|
