Term
CEO
Chief Executive
Officer |
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Definition
Manages External
Stakeholder Relationships
• Sets Strategic Direction
• Defines High Level IT
Needs for the Future |
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Term
COO
Chief Operations
Officer |
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Definition
Manages Operations
• Allocates Resources
• Primary Consumer of IT
within the Organization |
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Term
CFO
Chief Financial
Officer |
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Definition
Manages Accounting & Finance
• Forecasts Needs and Secures
Financial Resources
• Allocates Budget for IT Expenditures |
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Term
CIO
Chief Information
Officer |
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Definition
• Manages IT Organization and Operations
• Forecasts IT Needs from Business Strategy
• Sets Direction for IT Architecture and Organization
• Plans, Designs and Delivers IT throughout the firm |
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Term
| Efficiency vs. Effectiveness |
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Definition
Efficiency: ability to produce a desired
effect, product, etc. with a minimum
of effort
Effectiveness: ability to bring about
results |
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Term
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Definition
“The right information, delivered
to the right person, in the right
format, and at the right time, can
improve the quality of decisionmaking.” |
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Term
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Definition
Data: raw facts.
Information: the meaningful
interpretation of data that
enables us to make decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
an organized collection of
interrelated parts that work
together to achieve a common
purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
Inputs
Processing Mechanism
Outputs
Feedback
Control |
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Term
| Simple System vs. Complex System |
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Definition
Simple- Very few elements & components, relationship is simple.
Complex- A system filled with many simple systems. |
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Term
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Definition
Open- interacts with other systems
Closed- No interactions |
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Term
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Definition
refers to the method,
techniques and tools that are
used as means to bring about
computer-based information
systems |
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Term
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Definition
is a set of interrelated components
that collect (input), manipulate and
store (processing), and disseminate
(output) data and information as well
as a feedback mechanism |
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Term
| What is input and processing? |
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Definition
Input - is the activity of capturing
and gathering raw data
Processing - involves converting or
transforming raw data into useful
output |
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Term
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Definition
involves producing useful
information, usually in the form of
documents and reports |
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Term
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Definition
is output that is used to make
adjustments or changes to input or
processing activities |
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Term
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Definition
involves monitoring and
evaluating feedback |
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Term
| Computer Based Information System |
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Definition
is an Information System that
uses computer systems, devices
and technology |
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Term
| Computer-Based IS Components |
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Definition
Hardware
Software
Database
Networks
People
Procedures |
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Term
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Definition
Computer Systems
Computer Peripherals |
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Term
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Definition
System Software
Application Software |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Communications media
Internet
Intranet |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
knowledge of
computer systems and equipment and
how they function. |
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Term
| Information systems literacy: |
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Definition
knowledge
of how data and information are used by
decision-makers in an organizational
setting. |
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Term
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Definition
understanding how and why
technology is applied in business.
understanding the information needs
of the different levels of management. |
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Term
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Definition
• is a significant and long-term benefit to a
company in relation to the competition |
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Term
*Competing with Information
Technology |
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Definition
• Competitive value of IT lies mostly in the
capability of software and of people and the
value of information a business acquires and
uses
• Competitive value of IT does not lie as much in
hardware and networks. |
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Term
| Strategic Information Systems |
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Definition
Strategic Information Systems: Any kind of IS that
uses IT to gain competitive advantage (or sometimes
reduce competitive disadvantage). |
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Term
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Definition
– TPS – transactions
– MIS – reporting
– DSS – decisions (what if analysis) |
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Term
| Transaction Processing System |
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Definition
• is an organized collection of people,
procedures, databases, and devices used to
develop and distribute business transactions |
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Term
| Management Information System |
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Definition
• is an organized collection of people,
procedures, databases, and devices used to
provide routine information to decision
makers |
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Term
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Definition
• is an organized collection of people,
procedures, databases, and devices used to
support problem-specific decision making |
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Term
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Definition
• is an organized collection of people,
procedures, databases, and devices used to
generate expert advise or suggest a decision
in an area |
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Term
| Using IT for Innovation Strategy |
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Definition
– Make radical changes to business processes with
IT (cut costs, improve quality, efficiency, or
customer service)
Charles Schwab- buy stocks online |
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Term
| Using IT for Alliance Strategy |
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Definition
• Develop interenterprise IS linked by the
Internet
Walmart- proto gombal, need toothpaste sent there automatically |
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Term
| Other Strategies implemented with IT |
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Definition
• Lock-in customers and suppliers – by locking
competitors out
• Build switching costs – investments in IT make
customers dependent
• Barriers to entry – investments in IT discourage other
companies from entering the market
Visa only card accepted at the olympics
invest in something into something that no one has enough money to build it. |
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Term
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Definition
• Cost Leadership
• Differentiation
• Innovation
• Growth
• Alliance |
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Term
| Using IT for Cost Leadership Strategy |
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Definition
• Use IT to reduce the cost of business
processes--ATM
• Use IT to reduce cost for customers or
suppliers--EBAY |
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Term
| Using IT for Differentiation Strategy |
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Definition
• Create new IT features to differentiate products and
services--FEDex tracking
• Use IT features to reduce the differentiation UPS, DHL
advantages of competitors
• Use IT features to focus products and services at
selected marked niches
Gun brokers(just like Ebay. |
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Term
| Using IT for Growth Strategy |
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Definition
– Use IT to manage global business strategies
Toys r us
o-----------------------china |
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Term
| Critical Success Factors: |
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Definition
What has to happen to keep this company alive.
• factors critical to the success of a business. |
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Term
| Critical Success Factors: |
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Definition
• Once those factors have been identified:
– Information Systems are developed to directly
support those activities that positively impact the
identified factors |
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Term
| Important Strategic Uses of IT |
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Definition
• Knowledge Management Systems
• Customer-Focused Business
• Virtual Company |
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Term
| Knowledge Management Systems |
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Definition
• Use IT to increase
– Access to information
– And improve problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
• As the company grew, it was becoming more
difficult to keep track of and access of
information
• Ask-Intec solved the problem with strategic
use of IT
• Intec improved it’s competitive position in
satisfying their present clients and gaining
new customers |
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Term
| Customer-Focused Business |
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Definition
• Customer-Focused Business – attempt to respond to
customer concerns, provide top-quality customer
service, anticipate future needs, and keep customers
loyal.
• Internet technologies have created a strategic
opportunity for companies to offer fast, responsive,
high-quality products and services tailored to
individual customer preferences |
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Term
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Definition
• uses IT to link organizations, people, assets
and ideas
• has alliances with business partners
interlinked by the Internet forming a
interenterprise IS. |
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Term
Management Info Systems
Decision Support systems
lower level |
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Definition
Reports
strategies for marketing
TPS, line supervisors, non mangement |
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Term
Tactile level- MIS
Strategic Level- DSS
Expert System used when?
What is an expert system? |
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Definition
used every level
system that acts question if answer this then__ |
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Term
Levels of the Organization and
Traditional Systems |
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Definition
• uses IT to link organizations, people, assets
and ideas
• has alliances with business partners
interlinked by the Internet forming a
interenterprise IS. |
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Term
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Definition
vacuum tubes
first computer
5000 calc. per sec. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
late 50's
1958 250,000 calc |
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Term
| • 1960’s: Integrated circuits |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
miniaturization
4th generation |
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Term
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Definition
5th generation
4,000,000 calc per sec. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microcomputer Altair 8800 by MITS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• usually a special subsystem of an
organization’s overall information system |
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Term
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Definition
• convert data into machine readable form
– eg. keyboard, mouse, scanner |
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Term
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Definition
• Any machinery (most of which utilizes digital
circuitry) that assists in the performance of
the input, processing, and output activities of
an information system. |
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Term
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Definition
| • CPU (Central Processing Unit) |
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Term
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Definition
• convert machine (electronic) information into
human-intelligible form
– video displays, printers |
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Term
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Definition
• store data & program instructions needed for
processing
– Primary storage devices - memory (RAM)
– Secondary storage devices - hard disk, floppy
disks, CD, DVD, jump drives. |
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Term
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Definition
• gets instructions from memory and interprets
them |
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Term
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Control unit |
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Definition
• Control unit: central switchboard or manager
– gets instructions from memory (Fetch) and interprets them
(Decode) |
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Term
Phases
• Instruction:
• Execution: |
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Definition
• Instruction:
– CU fetches an instruction from primary memory
and decides what actions need to be taken.
• Execution:
– The ALU accesses the necessary data from primary
memory, places it into the registers, performs the
operations (Execute), and returns the result to
memory (Store). |
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Term
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Definition
The execution of a single
instruction.
– Measured in
• Milliseconds: one thousand of a sec.
• Microseconds: one millionth of a sec.
• Nanoseconds: one billionth of a sec.
• Picoseconds: one trillionth of a sec. |
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Term
The execution of a single
instruction.
– Measured in
• Milliseconds: one thousand of a sec.
• Microseconds: one millionth of a sec.
• Nanoseconds: one billionth of a sec.
• Picoseconds: one trillionth of a sec. |
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Definition
The execution of a single
instruction.
– Measured in
• Milliseconds: one thousand of a sec.
• Microseconds: one millionth of a sec.
• Nanoseconds: one billionth of a sec.
• Picoseconds: one trillionth of a sec. |
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Term
| • How fast is a “nanosecond”? |
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Definition
| • One billionth of a second |
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Term
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Definition
A measure of processing speed.
Electronic pulses the CPU produces at a
predetermined rate
– usually measured in megahertz (millions of cycles
per second) or gigahertz (billions of cycles per
second)
– the higher the clock speed, the faster the machine
cycle |
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Term
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Definition
• Hz (1 cycle per second)
• Kilohertz (KHz) (1000 cycles per second)
• Megahertz (MHz) (1,000,000 cycles per second)
• Gigahertz (GHz) (1,000,000,000 cycles per second)
• Terahertz (THz) (1,000,000,000,000 cycles per second) |
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Term
| Typical PC processors today operate in the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
– binary digit
– physical representation of data in a computer
(letters, numbers and symbols must be
represented to the computer as a combination
of 0s or 1s: off or on) |
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Term
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Definition
• Byte:
– made up usually of 8 bits
– a character
– smallest unit that can be located and moved
about in the computer |
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Term
Data Hierarchy
• Field:
• Record:
• File:
• Application:
• System: |
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Definition
• Field: made up of bytes (name: George)
• Record: made up of several fields (name,
address, telephone)
• File: made up of several records
• Application: made up of several files
• System: made up of several applications |
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Term
Capacity - measured in bytes
• Kilobytes:
• Megabytes:
• Gigabytes:
• Terabytes: |
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Definition
• Kilobytes: 1,000 bytes
• Megabytes: 1,000,000 bytes
• Gigabytes: 1,000,000,000 bytes
• Terabytes: 1,000,000,000,000 bytes |
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Term
• Optical Disks
– CD-ROM – typically 600 to 700 Mb (about 400 floppy
equivalent)
• CD-R (permanently record)
• CD-RW (rewritable)
– DVD – typically from 3 to 8.5 Gb
– Double Layer DVD – up to 50 Gb (Blue ray)
– HD DVD – up to 45 Gb (Toshiba)
• USB Flash Drives – typically from 16 Mb to 4 Gb |
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Definition
• Optical Disks
– CD-ROM – typically 600 to 700 Mb (about 400 floppy
equivalent)
• CD-R (permanently record)
• CD-RW (rewritable)
– DVD – typically from 3 to 8.5 Gb
– Double Layer DVD – up to 50 Gb (Blue ray)
– HD DVD – up to 45 Gb (Toshiba)
• USB Flash Drives – typically from 16 Mb to 4 Gb |
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Term
Digital Images
• 2 Megapixel image:
• 3 Megapixel image:
• 8 Megapixel image: |
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Definition
Digital Images
• 2 Megapixel image: 250 Kb in JPG format
• 3 Megapixel image: 650 Kb in JPG format
• 8 Megapixel image: 2 MB in JPG format |
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Term
• For internet webpage purposes we need
• or 250 000 pixels
• or 250 Kilopixels
• or ¼ Megapixels
• 2 Megapixel image =
• 3 Megapixel image =
• 8 Megapixel image = |
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Definition
• For internet webpage purposes we need
400 X 625 pixels
• or 250 000 pixels
• or 250 Kilopixels
• or ¼ Megapixels
• 2 Megapixel image = 2,000,000 pixels
• 3 Megapixel image = 3,000,000 pixels
• 8 Megapixel image = 8,000,000 pixels |
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Term
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Definition
• RAM:
– Random Access Memory
– Where data and program instructions wait to be
interpreted.
– Volatile Memory
• ROM:
– Read Only Memory
– Instructions (programs) are burned into a chip and
cannot be altered. |
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Term
| • Direct input/output devices |
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Definition
– Input - keyboard, mouse, pens, touch screens,
wands, scanners (OCR), speech recognition.
– Output – video monitors, printers, voice response |
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Term
Peripherals - terminals
Dumb
Intelligent
Transaction |
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Definition
• Dumb terminals - no processing capabilities
– terminals on a network
• Intelligent terminals - have processing
capabilities
– microprocessor and memory circuits
• Transaction terminals
– get data from end users and transfer the data
via Telecommunication networks to a
computer system for processing
– eg. ATM’s |
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Term
| Peripherals - pointing devices |
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Definition
• allow end users to issue commands or make
choices by moving a cursor on the display
screen
– mouse
– trackball
– joystick
– touch sensitive screens |
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