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The evolution of the extermination policy
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Definition
1-The army and SS Reich Security got together to form mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen); they murdered those perceived to be racial or political enemies found behind German combat lines in the occupied Soviet Union.
2-Heydrich issued guidelines to the higher SS and police leaders in the occupied territories of the soviet union to "exterminate Jews in party and slate employment" orally Heydrich said to "kill all Russian Jews" Einsatzgruppen took that as "liquidate all Jews"
3-five weeks after the killing squads start Hitler gives Heydrich (2nd in comm.) the responsibility of overall control of the murder of millions, inventing means of accomplishing this aim and coordinating the railway, finance, foreign office, police departments.
4-Himmler instructed Rudolph Hoess to start preparing Auschwitz in upper Silesia, Poland. Himmler told him that the "Fuhrer has given the order for the final solution of the Jewish question"
5- Euthanasia program ends after death of 90,000 murders of handicapped 'incurably insane' and 'socially defective' majority were gassed to death with carbon monoxide in trucks or vans SS Major Christian Wirth was released from his duties, hired to supervise Chelmno and the first six death camps in Poland were operational
6-First experiments were conducted on Soviet prisoners of war with Zyklon B gas
7- The first deportation of Jews into ghettos -German, Austrian and Czech to Riga and Kovno
8-A Conference convened beside lake Wannsee in Berlin to discuss the bodies and org. that would be needed for the final solution |
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Humans can shut horrors and things we see on T.V. today. people only heard rumors and it was hard to digest or believe combined with undercurrent of anti-Jewish feeling.
1- Roles of German bystanders; antisemitism was already deep seated-especially in Ukraine, Lithuania, Poland- most of the non-Jewish population was reduced either to unawareness or indifference.Jews were isolated slowly and given the twin image of danger and parasite
2- Anglo-American Allies; Martin Gilbert, Bernard Wasserstien, David Wyman et. al (US State Department and the British Foriegn Office knew but told no one. they couldnt prevent it all, they could have made an effect on bombing the camps and railroads but that was to much.
3- The church; Pope Pius XII Made fake passports for Jews to cross and leave |
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| Describe the roles of the churches in collaboration with or opposing the Nazi regime (essay ?) |
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Definition
The German catholic church restricted any sort of sympathy for Jews Father Bernard Lichtenberg announced his sympathy for the Jews and stated the unjust and false information they were given, ending with 'thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself' he was subsequently arrested
Catholic Response in other countries were in France, Belgium and Holland they used there pulpits to protest against Nazi deportation of Jews, urge Catholics to provide shelter and protection, they went to the most courageous lengths to protect the Jews
The protestant churches encouraged their congregations to protect Jewish victims. but the overwhelming impression is on of silence fear and subservience. Pastor Martin Niemoller a protestant minister was arrested twice and eventually put into a concentration camp for trying to save the Jews
Protestant and orthodox chruches outside of germany the othodox cleargy, Slovakia and the luthern church faught against the inhumanities on Jews. Hungary however cultivated into anti-semitisn then later decided to fight against it. swede saved over 20,000 jews |
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| Was there too little of resistance coming from the Jews? (Essay ?) |
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Definition
There was in fact more Jewish resistance though it was limited in its effectiveness.
1. Lack of Knowledge lead the Nazis to be successful at misleading the Jews and making it simple for Jews to dismiss reports of factories where Jews were being held
2. Isolation of victims the Jews faced an impossibility of communicating among each other for things such as ammo and necessary supplies
3. Fear of Collective Punishment The Nazis demonstrated that even the smallest act of defiance would be met by an awesome show of retribution and cruelty (A major rebellion at the Bialystok ghetto in 1943 led to the seizure and murder of 1,000 Jewish children by way of 'punishment')
4. Belief in economic value to the nazis were jewish leaders in resistance groups that believed that hitler would be defeated and the only thing they needed to do was keep as many Jews alive as possible, their way of doing this was proving to the Nazis that they could be productive and indispensable to the Nazi war effort
5. Despair and Hopelessness- psychologicallly the Jews had been dehumanized and become degrated as well as the constant loss of loved ones and normality of death; they became hopeless
6. Blocking out the unpalatable is the human inclination to block out info that one does not want to recieve, rationalize the terrible, convince oneself things cannot get worse, inability to grasp reality
7. Incomprehensibility of the nazi plan- normity and utter audacity of this plan that sane and resonable people who were incapable of concieving such a possibility, when escapees told their stories people would listen sympathetically and treat it as sick imaginations and disturbed minds
8. Cultural tradition of passivity Jews had already experienced degredatin, persecution and misery but it taught them that if they kept their heads down they would always win through. they were not prepared for an enemy that wanted to kill every last one of them |
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| Describe the response and reasoning of the allies to Nazi police (Essay ?) |
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| The leaders of the allied countries said there #1 worry was winning the war, They were far and the bombers would be killed because the fighters couldn't make the long trip |
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| was the name given to the invasion of the soviet union of 1941 |
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| The Jews that were selected to do the heavy lifting or dirty work of extermination |
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| The plan to ship all the jews to madagascar. It wasn't until 1931 that a German publicist wrote: "the entire Jewish nation sooner or later must be confined to an island. This would afford the possibility of control and minimize the danger of infection."1 Yet the idea of sending Jews to Madagascar was still not a Nazi plan. |
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| One of the three war crimes that defendants were charged for during the Nuremberg trials |
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| An American Catholic Priest who was a charismatic anti-semite and broadcast on the radio ant-sematic messages in the 1920's |
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| He was the head of the third Reicht during the last seven days of the war |
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| a ship that had carried 4,500 Jewish survivors, the british tried to board the ship and failed so they used machine guns killing three and wounding hundreds. The ship finally surrendered only after the ship was rammed, the passengers were sent back to hamburg |
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| When the German authorities herded the Jewish population of Poland first into urban areas, and subsequently into ghettos, they required each community to form a Jewish Council. In smaller cities the councils had twelve members, in larger towns the number was twenty-four. Most often composed of former community leaders, the councils took on all the duties of a local government. Most importantly for the Germans, the councils acted as intermediaries to carry out the their increasingly oppressive dictates, such as providing forced labor battalions for German war factories, and eventually even delivering Jews directly to the trains bound for the death camps. |
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| killing of people because of their race, religion, nationality, or ethnicity |
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| The Bielski partisans was an organization of Jewish partisans who rescued Jews from extermination and fought against the Nazi German occupiers and their collaborators in the vicinity of Nowogródek (Navahrudak) and Lida in German-occupied Poland (now western Belarus). They are named after the Bielskis, a family of Polish Jews who led the organization.Under their protection, 1,236 Jews survived the war, making it one of many remarkable rescue missions in the Holocaust.The group spent more than two years living in the forests and was initially organized by members of the Bielski family. |
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| In 1935 Göring was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe (German: Air Force), a position he was to hold until the final days of the Second World War. By mid-1940, Göring was at the peak of his power and influence. Adolf Hitler had promoted him to the rank of Reichsmarschall, making Göring senior to all other Wehrmacht commanders, and in 1941 Hitler designated him as his successor and deputy in all his offices. By 1942, with the German war effort stumbling on both fronts, Göring's standing with Hitler was very greatly reduced. Göring largely withdrew from the military and political scene to enjoy the pleasures of life as a wealthy and powerful man. After the Second World War, Göring was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials. He was sentenced to death by hanging, but committed suicide by cyanide ingestion the night before he was due to be hanged. |
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| Universal Declaration of Human Right, 1948 |
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| The term used to refer to the dead Jews that needed to be taken to the crematorium |
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| The war and civilian deaths during WWII |
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