Term
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Definition
Use calipers to measure skinfold thickness.
Accurate assessments require experience and practice. |
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Term
| Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) |
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Definition
The “gold standard” for assessing body composition.
Uses low-radiation x-rays to distinguish body components |
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Term
| Air Displacement (Bod Pod) |
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Definition
Measures total body air displacement.
Used with other measures for a full assessment. |
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Term
| Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) |
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Definition
Measures resistance of tissues to electrical currents.
Accuracy depends on machine quality and participant cooperation. |
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Term
| Estimates from Circumferences or BMI |
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Definition
Provide rough estimates.
Can provide a starting point for weight management. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical in food crucial to the body’s growth and functioning; includes proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Necessary for normal body functioning and must be obtained from food |
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Term
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Definition
Biological molecules composed of amino acids.
The “building block” of bodily structure and function.
Functional ______ perform crucial bodily tasks.
Nutritionists recommend getting about 10% of daily calories from _______.
______ needs for most people are met in a typical diet; higher amounts are needed only if fighting off serious infection. |
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Term
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Definition
A class of nutrients containing sugars and starches and supplying most of the energy for daily living.
_______ may be simple or complex. |
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Term
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Definition
| monosaccharides, disachharides. Made up of one or two sugar subunits. The ones that taste better, sugary stuff |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharides (timed release energy, endurance) takes longer to break down, glycogen (liver and muscles store it) |
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Term
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Definition
Indigestible carbohydrates that speed the passage of partially digested food through the digestive tract.
Helps control appetite and body weight by creating a feeling of fullness without adding calories. |
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Term
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Definition
The common term for lipids, a class of molecules that includes fats and oils.
At room temperature, most fats are solid and oils are liquid.
Chains of fats and oils are called fatty acids, which occur in the body in the form of triglycerides.
Essential fatty acids are those that we cannot construct in our cells; therefore, they must be consumed in our diet.
Different kinds of fats:
Saturated, unsaturated, mono- and polyunsaturated, and trans fats (partially hydrogenated). |
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Term
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Definition
Organic compounds we need in small amounts to promote growth and overall health.
Because they’re not stored in the body, water-soluble vitamins must be replenished regularly.
A balanced diet supplies most vitamin needs; some people would benefit from supplements, such as those with special needs or who don’t eat sufficient fruits and vegetables. |
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Term
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Definition
Micronutrients that enable key bodily functions and help us absorb vitamins.
Major minerals (macrominerals) are needed in larger amounts.
Trace minerals (microminerals) are needed in smaller amounts.
Three minerals—sodium, calcium, and iron—play crucial roles, so excesses or deficiencies can cause serious health concerns. |
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Term
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Definition
Maintains proper salt and pH balance, and helps transport substances within our bodies.
Without sufficient water, most people get quickly dehydrated. Several days without water can result in shock and death.
Individual water needs vary by age, body size, diet, exercise level, overall health, environmental temperature, and humidity. |
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Term
| daily reference intake (DRI) |
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Definition
o 26 nutrients
o Essential to maintaining health
o Umbrella category
o Won’t necessary see these on food label
o Look at minimum that is needed to prevent disease
o And recommend maximum levels |
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Term
| recommended dietary allowances (RDA) |
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Definition
| o List of the average daily intake that meets the needs of most people of vitamins and minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| o Covers fats, carbs including fiber, protein, sodium, and potassium |
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Term
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Definition
o See on food labels
o Percentages |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of calories consumed relative to the amount expended. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calories consumed fall below calories expended (weight loss). |
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Term
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Definition
| Calories consumed exceed calories expended (weight gain). |
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Term
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Definition
| Calories consumed are about equal to those used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Balancing calories consumed and calories expended on a lifelong basis, through exercise and activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition marked by high blood pressure, cholesterol, and abdominal fat deposits, along with insulin resistance. It increases chronic disease risks related to inflammation, an immune reaction. |
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Term
| 3 principles that govern weight management |
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Definition
- Successful weight management takes time, effort, and motivation
- Achieving weight loss is less important than achieving a healthy ratio of lean to fat tissue
- Long term weight management balances energy consumption with energy expenditure |
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Term
| 4 basic reasons in America why globesity is on the rise |
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Definition
- over consumption
- too little exercise
- biological factors
- lifestyle factors |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate in which our body uses food energy to sustain life functions |
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Term
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Definition
| bmr + the energy you expend in digesting food |
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Term
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Definition
| atypical abnormal food consumption, but not long term, does not affect every day life (ex: stress eating), not eating disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| actual disturbed patterns of eating/dieting (ex: anorexia, bulimia, binge/purge) |
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Term
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Definition
| is a syndrome in which a person becomes obsessed with a physical defect. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ of men and women under 40 have some form of CVD. After about age 40, the rate climbs to ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Among all age groups in America, about ___ in ___ people have CVD in some form. |
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Term
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Definition
o High blood pressure
o 1/3 of American
o The most common form of cvd
o Does have genetic link
o Also can happen from too much sodium
o Increase risk: any type of kidney or heart abnormality
o Being obese
o Sleep apnea
o Disease itself but also risk factor for others
o Recommended 115/75 |
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Term
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Definition
o Hypertension risk factor for this
o Alcohol and tobacco use
o High cholesterol and high triglyceride levels
o Build up of plaque on artery walls, decreases blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
o Coronary artery disease
o What kills people the most
o Greatest killer
o Can give you a heart attack (myocardial infarction) |
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Term
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Definition
o Heart does not stop
o Condition in which heart muscle itself is too overworked/damaged to keep up with demands of circulation in body
o Build up of fluid (in tissues, lungs, etc.)
o Medications to manage
o Untreated for long can be fatal |
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Term
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Definition
o Chronic chest pain
o Reduced blood supply, lack of oxygen
o Feels like indigestion-chest being crushed |
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Term
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Definition
o If there is heart disease present at birth, labeled as this
o Genetic
o Infections during pregnancy, alcohol/drug use during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
o Sudden loss of function of region in brain
o Caused by blockage or by rupture of blood vessel in brain
o Ischemic (blockage, blood supply cut off)
o Hemorrhagic (blood vessel bursts)
o Can range in severity
o TIA – really quick brief interruption in blood supply that mimic the symptoms of stroke (caution light, warning sign of stroke) |
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Term
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Definition
o Irregular heart beat
o More than 2 million americans
o 2 forms: fast and slow
o Abnormal patterns (fibrillation)
o Certain types are lethal |
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Term
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Definition
| More than ____of people with diabetes will die of cvd |
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Term
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Definition
| how many people are pre-diabetic? |
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Term
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Definition
| how many people already are diabetic? |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ million women and ___ million men have osteoporosis |
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Term
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Definition
o Solid tumors in epithelial tissue
o Skin, lining of body cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| o Tumor that arises in muscle, bone, and other connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
o Malignant growths that affect white blood cells known as lymphocytes
o Lymph nodes, infection fighting organs, lymphatic vessels |
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Term
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Definition
o Malignant growths of any type of white blood cells
o Any kind of blood forming tissue, bone marrow, and spleen |
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Term
Assymetry
Border irregularity
Color not uniform
Diameter greater than 6 mm |
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Definition
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Term
C- change in bowel or bladder habits
A – a sore that does not heal
U- unusual bleeding or discharge
T – thickening or lump
I – indigestion, or can’t swallow
O- obvious change in wart or mole
N- nagging cough or hoarseness |
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Definition
| early warning signs of cancer |
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Term
Environmental factors (sun exposure, pollution, radiation)
Biological factors (viruses, microbial infections)
Genetic factors (family history)
Reproductive hormones (mainly in women)
Occupational hazards (exposure to carcinogens) |
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Definition
| other cancer causing sources |
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Term
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Definition
| only ___of people survive more than 5 years after diagnosis of lung cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Second leading cause of death for women.
Can sometimes occur in men.
Genetic factors may play a big role in risk.
Self-exams and yearly check-ups are recommended |
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Term
| female reproductive tract cancers |
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Definition
Include ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancer.
Ovarian cancer has few overt early signs.
Risks include prior cancer history, early sexual activity, multiple sex partners, herpes, and HPV. |
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Term
| male reproductive tract cancers |
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Definition
Include prostate and testicular cancer.
Prostate cancer can be symptom-free in early stages.
Genetic factors play a role in testicular cancer.
Prostate cancer risk factors include older age, race, genetics, high BMI, and poor diet. |
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Term
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Definition
Third most common cancer in both men and women.
Colorectal cancer has no symptoms in early stages.
Risk factors are similar to male reproductive cancer risks, in addition to a family history of polyps. |
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Term
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Definition
More common now than 20 years ago.
Often undiagnosed until late in its development.
Risk factors include being male, age over 45, smoking, and eating a high-fat diet. |
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Term
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Definition
Several types exist as acute or chronic cases.
Strikes both sexes and all age groups.
Most common form of childhood cancer.
Symptoms include frequent infections, headaches, vomiting, anemia, and swelling in joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| Continued involvement with a substance or activity despite ongoing negative consequences. Characterized by four common symptoms |
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Term
| 4 common symptoms of addiction |
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Definition
o Denial
o Are negative consequences, but don’t see them or care
o Tolerance (need more of it to get same types of effects)
o Withdrawal (if they don’t have it there are physical and psychological effects) |
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Term
| short term risks and effects of ethanol |
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Definition
Depressed central nervous system function.
Lower respiratory, pulse, and blood pressure rates.
Increased urination.
Binge drinkers are at risk for irregular heartbeat and heart damage.
Vital functions can be compromised, causing death. |
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Term
| long-term risks and effects of ethanol |
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Definition
Diseases of the nervous and circulatory systems.
Liver disease, including hepatitis.
Risk of cancer.
Risk of fetal alcohol syndrome in pregnant women.
Risk of osteoporosis.
Brain size shrinkage and brain cell damage. |
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Term
| short-term effects and risks of nicotine use |
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Definition
Aroused mental state.
Increased heart and respiratory rates.
Constricted blood vessels.
Reduced appetite. |
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Term
| long-term effects and risks of nicotine use |
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Definition
Cancer.
Cardiovascular disease.
Respiratory diseases, especially emphysema.
Sexual dysfunction.
Gum disease. |
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Term
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Definition
the symptoms experienced by new smokers;
includes dizziness, rapid pulse, damp skin, nausea, and vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
| About ____ deaths occur each year from secondhand smoke. |
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Term
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Definition
| drug use Costs taxpayers more than ______ a year in preventable health care expenses, law enforcement, auto accidents, crime, and lost productivity. |
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