Measurement requires these three things:

-reliability

-objectivity

-validity

Measurement

the act of assesssing that results in assignming a number to the characteristic being assessed- the number with characteristic for a general "something"

ex) weight

Test

Instrument/tool used to make the measurement.

ex) A scale used to measure weight (weight is a measurement, the scale itself is a test).

Evaluation

statement of quality, goodness, or value about what was assessed. Can be formative or summative. Norm-referred standard or criterion-referenced standard.

ex) a patient is 5'8''(measurement),  and on a scale (test) weighs 320lbs (measurement), they are deemed "unhealthy" (this is the evaluation)

Formative Evaluation

Initial or intermediate evaluations; occur throughout the instructional, training, or research process.

ex) taking tests in a class througout the semester

Summative Evaluation

Evaluations that come at the end of an instructional or training unit.

ex) The student's grade at the end of the semester.

What are the purposes of meausrement, testing and evaluation?

• placement- testing to get into a class
•  Diagnosis- a Dr. diagnosis
• Motivation
• Achievement
• Program Evaluation

• Act of assessing that results in assigning a number to the characteristic being assessed.
• Quantitative value assigned to a performance
• Process of comparing a value to a standard

Measurement:

Define "data"

Measurement:

Define "statistics"

Measurement:

Define "evaluation"

Behavioral tests

ex) In basketball, a ball gets thrown out, the other points at the opposing team saying it was out on them; in golf, it is the opposite, everyone "self-reports"

Measurement:

Define "validity"

appropriateness of a test to measure what it intends to measure.

ex) police academy 2mi run test. how often in the field will they run 2mi?

Measurement:

Define: "reliability"

Measurement:

Define: "objectivity"

Data collected without bias

ex) judging diving, gymnastics, dance, american idol

Measurement:

Define: "Relevance"

The Process of measurement:

provide a working example...

How would we measure the running efficiency in the 1mi run?

different measurements:

• time
• speed
• form
• aerobic capacity
• RPE 

The Process of Measurement

4 Steps

1. ID and define what you want to measure
2. decide the standard so you can use it to compare with what you identified and defined.
3. make the comparison
4. quantitative statement of the relationship between the two.

Define: "variable"

provide an example

characteristic of a person, place or thing that can have >1 value

ex) weight

Define: Constant

provide an example

Characteristic that has only 1 value

ex) gravity

Define:

Continuous variable

provide examples

Something that can assume any value

ex) temperature, age 

define:

Discrete variable

provide examples

something that is limited to whole numbers or integers

ex) gender- male and female (2)

levels of high school- frosh, soph, junior, senior (4)

Types of research:

experimental

discovery of knowledge through systematic manipulation

ex) lance armstrong

Types of research:

Historical

Search through past records to determine what happened and why

ex) why are there 18 holes on a golf course?

Types of research:

Descriptive

describes current events or conditions

ex) jane goodall

Classification of variables

Nominal

Name or classify
"label"

ex) type of vehicle, ID number, license tag, male/female etc

classification of variables:

Ordinal

order/rank

-differences between variables is unknown

-Ordinal scales are typically measures of non numeric concepts like satisfaction, happiness, discomfort, etc.

ex) football and basketball rankings

Classification of variables:

Continuous:

Interval

equal units

arbitrary 0

Interval scales are numeric scales in which we know not only the order, but also the exact differences between the values.

ex) temperature

Time is another good example of an interval scale in which the increments are known, consistent, and measurable.

problem: there is no such thing as "no temperature" or "no time"

Classificatioin of variables:

Continuous:

Ratio

Absolute zero

 we know the distance between units and the order.

ex) $0 in an account, height, weight

define

Null hypothesis (H0)

Predics no relationship or difference between groups.

ex)  experiment:

Tomato plants exhibit a higher rate of growth when planted in compost rather than in soil.

and a null hypothesis: Tomato plants do not exhibit a higher rate of growth when planted in compost rather than soil.

or: Tomato plants show no difference in growth rates when planted in compost rather than soil.

define

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

predicts a relationship or difference between groups.

ex) children have a higher IQ if they eat oily fish for a period of time.
H1: “Children who eat oily fish for six months will show a higher IQ increase than children who have not.”

Define

Research Hypothesis

Research Question: does imagery enhance putting performance in anateur golfers?

Research hypothesis: It does enhance putting performance

Null Hypothesis: No relationship between groups that does use imagery and one that doesnt

Alternative Hypothesis: there is a difference between groups

Define

Independent variable

(predictor): a variable that changes by itself without the influence on another (does not covary)

this is the variable that you are investigating

define

dependent variable

(criterion): variable that does not change by itself-dependent upon changes of the independent variable

this is what you are taking measurement of

are the results a direct influence of the treatments?

ex) weight loss study-3mo cant eat anything other than what was given

Internal validity has to do with the accuracy of the results. Results could be inaccurate if samples are not selected randomly.

watch out for:

• intervening variables: affect dependent variable but are not intentional
• instrument error: incorrect data due to faulty equipment
• investigator error: intentional or unintentional bias from the investigator 

External Validity

can the results be generalized to the population in which the samples were taken?

ex) only valid for 65+, separate study needed for pre-teens who do results relate to?

External validity has to do with the generalizability of the findings to the population. If the sample selected is only Hispanics under the age of 25, then it would be hard to generalize the results to the entire US population.

Statistical interference:

define: population

Statistical interference

Sample

Statistical interference

Random sample

Statistical interference

Stratified sample

desired subcategories when random selection needed from a population (aging studies)

ex) must section off teen, young adults, adults, older adults

Statistical interference

define

Making predictions about a large group based on the results from a small group

based on the performance of a small group we "infer" the performance of the large group

define

Parameter

a characteristic of the entire population

ex) in socal we get a lot of sun

define

statistic

What is the p value in Kin?

a characteristic of a sample of the entire population

ex) because we get a lot of sun, we're happy

statistic is used to estimate the value of the population parameter

statistics allow us to make a statement and then cite the odds that it is correct:

in Kinesiology, you will see the "p value" at <.05. this refers to the prob. of error. You are willing to accept 5% error. odds are 95 to 5 that you are correct.

• a belief regarding a concept or a series of related concepts.
• they are not true or false
• good theories produce many testable hypotheses
• theories that are supported through many experiements become scientific law.