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| mechanical principles that connect to the human body |
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| forces causing movement, so energy |
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| same as anatomical except the palms face the sides of the body or the saggital plane |
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aka translatory motion-straight line from one point to another,
Ex: a person moving himself across a room |
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if all parts move the same distance, at the same time in same direction
Ex: a person who is pushed across the room in wheel chair while not moving |
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| if movement occurs in a path that is curved, ex earth’s orbit |
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aka rotary motion*movement of an object about a fixed point
ex: when the hand moves around the elbow hinge, most body movments=angular |
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relationship of moving bones around a joint axis
ex: humerus moving around scapula |
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relationship of joint surface movement-
ex: humeral head’s movement in the glenoid fossa (focus on glenohumeral joint) |
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| shoulder horizontal abduction |
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Definition
[image]
when shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees (pointing ventrally) then brought to the sides |
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when an arm is broaght from "christ arm position" to closer to body ventrally
[image] |
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circumduction requires 4 joint motions |
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Definition
circular, cone-shaped movement like moving your arm around your shoulder joint to make the shape of a cone(if you go really fast)
1. flexion-
2. Abduction
3. Extension
4. Adduction |
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Definition
anterior surface moves inward towards middle line,
ex toes to center, pidgeon toed rotation |
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anterior surface moves outward away from body
ex rotating your feet out so toes point out like first position in ballet |
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| moving the sole of the foot inwards at the ankle |
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| moving the sole of the foot outwards, like pulling pinkie toe up while putting big toe down |
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linear movement along a plane parallel to the ground away from midline
ex:, like moving your head forward and back in the night at rocksberry movie dance |
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linear movement in same plane towards midline
Ex: taking the jaw back to the body after making it look like an overbite |
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Definition
at ends of long bones where pressure is high and bone growth occurs
ex: several sites on femur |
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Term
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Definition
ephiphyseal plate where pulling from tendons can cause inflammation
-Osgood Schlatter disease- traction epiphysis of tibial tuberosity
-the problem is usually only with growing bones, and unfused epiphyseal plate |
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Term
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Definition
porous and spongy inside- beams called trabeculae
-the pattern of trabeculae resist stress and make bones light
-cancellous bones make up the filling of epiphysis /articular ends of bones |
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| bones undergoing periods of calcium loss then excessive calcium salts, bones become deformed, usu in mid adulthood then more common after, bone formation is increased and haphazard deposits usu in SPINE SKULL AND PELVIS |
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vitamin deficiency, liver disease can cause lack of calcium deposition, high incidence in elderly, symptoms: bone pain, tenderness and fractures
-ricketts- osteomalacia in children, usu in underdeveloped areas, lack of bone deposition in the body |
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Term
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Definition
1. -compression- produced by muscles, gravity, external sources, can cause shortening or widening of bone, but usually contributes to the growth of the bone, usually there must be a compression to a certain level
2. Tension- cause by traction causing a part to narrow and the tear of a bone or ligament, responsible for strains usually, TENSION BONE SURFACES ARE PULLED APART
3. Sheer*- bones are pulled and deformed in an angular direction caused by a GLIDING MOTION
4. Torsion- twisting caused by rotary forces resulting in a spiral fracture,
5. Bending-one side forms convexity and the other side forms concavity and the bone usually breaks on the convextity side |
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Term
| describe and name three types of synarthrosis |
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Definition
thin layer of periosteum btw two bones, like sutures of skull
-ex radial joint in arm, small amount of movement
Syndesmoses-aka ligamentous joint-lots of fibrous tissue holding bones together-ex btw tibia and fibia-moses had rules
-movement can occur in syndesmoses but not much
Sutures- only in skull thick fibrous tissue btw bones
Gomphosis-“bolting together” btw tooth and mandible/maxilla |
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| describe and name two types of amphiarthrosis |
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Definition
aka-Cartilage joints – allows for free motion
bones do not actually touch each other, either hyaline or fibrocartilage in btw
-symphsis- connected by fibrocartilage like btw vertebrae
-syndesmosis- connected by ligament like tibula to fibula |
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| name three types of movement for diarthrosis joints (what are they also known as?) |
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Definition
aka synovial joints.
uniaxial
biaxial
triaxial |
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| name two types of uniaxial joints |
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Definition
uniaxial, can move in one plane, a type of diarthrosis
a.-hinge/ginglymus joint, ex: elbow or knee
b. *Trochoid/pivot joint (arch shaped process around peg like process) |
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| name two types of biaxial joints |
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Definition
biaxial are a type of synovial joint/diartrhosis
a. condyloid/ellipsoid joint- is biaxial happens at metaphalangeal joints,almost like ball in socket
b. saddle joint- semi- biaxial around two axes
horseback and rider, lots of movement
Ex:the CMC carpometacarpal thumb joint |
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| name two triaxial joints on the body |
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Definition
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| name one example of gliding plane joint |
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Definition
| scapula on thoracic cavity |
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Definition
a.natural bursae- like in the knee
b. acquired bursae- in joints with friction- may develop on lateral side of third finger in writers, go away with reduced friction |
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| 1. Classical/physiological/osteokinetic |
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Definition
| voluntary movements of bones from joints |
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Term
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Definition
abrupt hard limitation to joint motion,
-bone contacts bone at the end of a motion
ex: elbow extension |
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Definition
limitation that has slight give,
-result as restriction from the capsule of shoulder for example
ex: knee extension |
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when there is no limitation
-this is caused by pain and disruption of soft tissue constraints
ex: acute subacromial bursitis |
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the limb rebounds back,
-caused by torn cartilage
-means internal damage to joint
ex: torn meniscus of knee |
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| v. Soft tissue approximation- |
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Definition
soft tissue body prevents further motion
-ex at the end of elbow flexion, like arm is too fat to end
ex: elbow flexion or knee flexion |
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Definition
protective muscle spasm
-usu with acute injuries |
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Definition
not under voluntary control
-only outside forces cause joint play movements |
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happen inside a joint to help a movement
-ex: tibia glide as the knee extends |
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| stretching/oscillating that can reduce pain, or voluntarily stop motion |
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| under anesthesia, passive movement+short thrust |
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two bones making a 1 convex and 1 concave
-ex: metacarpophalangeal joint-hinge joint |
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Definition
| each joint surface is both concave and convex, so like a horse saddle and rider |
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Term
| 3 Types of arthrokinematic motion |
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Definition
a. Roll – when one joint surface rolls on another
ex: like ball rolling on ground, or foot rolling on ground through walk
b. Glide- aka slide- linear just one joint surface contacts new points, like ice skates
c. Spin- rotation of a surface in a fixed surface
ex: humerus rotating medially and laterally in glenoid fossa |
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Term
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Definition
| -a concave surface end will move in the same direction that its body is headed when moving on a concave fixed joint- ex: prox phalanx=concave and distal metacarpal=convex-so finger moves in same direction as the concave phalanx joint |
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Definition
| the joint surface moves in the opposite direction as the body segment’s movement |
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Definition
when ligaments and capsule around a joint are tight
-ex: when you voluntarily extend knee you can’t move patella
-joints are usu put into close pack position to test for stability
-when joint is swollen it cannot be put into close pack position |
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Term
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Definition
aka resting position
-parts of the capsule and supporting ligaments are lax
-minimal congruency btw articular surfaces
-accessory motions/joint play can be demonstrated here (joint play is involuntary and placed by the practitioner) |
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