Term
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Definition
| The study of the principles of anatomy, physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of muscle, bones, and joint as they are involved in the science of movement. |
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| The subject standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and palms facing forward. |
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| Essentially the same except that the arms are at the sides and the palms are facing the body. |
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| Splits into left and right halves |
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Definition
| Splits into upper and lower halves |
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Definition
| Splits body into front and back halves |
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Term
| Functions of the Skeleton |
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Definition
Protects soft tissue of heart, lung and brains.
Supports and maintains posture
Movement due to being a point of attachment
Storage of calcium and phosphorus
Blood Formation |
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Term
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Definition
| Long, Short, Flat, Irregular and sesamoid |
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Definition
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Definition
| small, cube-shaped, solid bones |
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Definition
| usually have a curved surface and varying from thick to very thin |
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Definition
| spine, ischium, pubis, and maxilla |
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Definition
| small bones embedded within the tendons of a musculotendinous unit |
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Definition
60-70% calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
20-30% water |
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Definition
| Bone in a healthy individual will adapts to the loads it is placed under. |
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Definition
| Soft tissue adapts to the loads placed upon it. |
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Definition
| part of a joint or serves as tendon, ligament attachment |
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Definition
| openings or grooves for tendons, vessels, nerves, or space for other structures |
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Definition
| (Immovable) Sutures of the skull |
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Definition
| (Slightly Moveable)Syndesmosis, Symphysis, Synchondrosis. |
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Definition
| (Freely Moveable)Move in one or more planes |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of Diarthrodial joint (gliding, plane) joint. E.g Carpal bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of Diarthrodial joint (ellipsoid,ovoid,biaxial ball and socket joint) Two planes of motion without rotation. E.g Wrist |
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Definition
Type of Diarthrodial joint (spheroidal, multiaxial ball and socket joint). Permits movement in all planes
E.g Shoulder and hip |
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Term
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Definition
Type of diarthrodial joint (Hinge) Allows wide range of motion in one plane.
E.g elbow, ankle and knee |
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Term
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Definition
| Only found in thumb (saddle joint) |
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Term
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Definition
Type of Diarthrodial joint (pivot,screw) Rotational movement around a long axis.
E.g Radioulnar joint. |
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Definition
| Specific amount of movement possible in a joint – eliminating as many factors as possible |
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Definition
| Instrument used to measure joint angles or compare the change in joint angles (inclinometer, tape measure) |
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Definition
| Measuring the available range of motion in a joint or the angles created by the bones of a joint |
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Definition
| The motion of the bones relative to the three cardinal planes resulting from these physiological movements. |
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Term
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Definition
Motion between the articular surfaces
Spin, Roll, Glide |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface |
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Term
| Irritability or excitability |
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Definition
| Sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of a muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force against resistance when stimulated. |
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Definition
| Ability to passively stretch beyond normal resting length |
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Definition
| Return to original resting length following stretching |
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Definition
Muscles that are entirely contained within a specific body part
Small, deep muscles found in the foot and hand |
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Definition
| Muscles that arise or originate outside of the body part on which they act. |
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Definition
| Specific movement resulting from a concentric contraction |
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Definition
| The portion of nervous system responsible for providing stimulus to muscle fibers. |
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Definition
| The central, fleshy, contractile portion of the muscle that generally increases in diameter as the muscle contracts. |
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Definition
Tough, flexible bands of fibrous connective tissue, connects muscle to bone.
- cannot contract, little ability to stretch |
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Term
| Aponeurosis (commonly called fascia) |
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Definition
Tendinous expansion of dense fibrous connective tissue that is sheet- or ribbon-like in appearance and resembles a flat tendon.
- cannot contract, segmental deformation |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that envelopes, separates, or binds together parts of the body such as muscle and soft tissue organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The proximal attachment of a muscle or the part that attaches closest to the midline or center of the body. |
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Definition
| The distal attachment, or part that attaches farthest from the midline or center of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
Isometric
Tension is maintained in a stable position |
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Term
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Definition
Isotonic
Varying degrees of tension in the muscles are causing the joint angles to change
Concentric and Eccentric contractions |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Not another type of contraction
May use any or all types of contractions
Is a dynamic exercise usually using concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions in which the speed of movement is constant and muscular contraction occurs throughout the movement |
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Term
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Definition
Primary Movers- Muscles most involved
Assisters – agonists that contribute significantly less to movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Opposite concentric action from agonists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surround the joint or body part and contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles that assist in the action of an agonist, but are not necessarily prime movers |
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Term
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Definition
| Counteract or neutralize the action of other muscles to prevent undesirable movements |
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Definition
| When two or more forces are pulling in different directions on an object, causing the object to rotate about its axis |
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Term
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Definition
Determines action of the muscle
Relationship between origin and insertion and any alteration of direction of muscle between |
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Definition
| Control maintenance of postures and equilibrium and learned movements |
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Definition
| Integrator of sensory impulses and provides feedback relative to motion |
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Definition
| Integrates all CNS activity |
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Definition
| Pathway between the CNS and the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
Periphereal nervous system - Can be divided into sensory and motor divisions
Afferent nerves- Sensory
Efferent nerves- Motor |
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Definition
| Area of skin as applied by a specific spinal nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| A muscle of group of muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| basic functional unit of nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting impulses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space. |
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Term
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Definition
| The subconscious mechanism by which the body is able to regulate posture and movement |
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Term
| Myotatic or stretch reflex |
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Definition
| The reflexive contraction that occurs as a result of the motor neurons of a muscle being activated from the CNS secondarily to a rapid stretch occurring in the same muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| The individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will fire and contract either maximally or not at all |
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Term
| Increased number of fibers recruited increases muscle tension. This can be achieved by: |
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Definition
1. activating motor units with greatest number of muscle fibers,
2. activating more motor units,
3. increasing frequency of motor unit activation,
4. increase synchronicity of motor unit activation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| No relaxation between muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| developed as a muscle is stretched beyond its normal resting length |
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Term
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Definition
| dependent on the number of motor units and their respective muscle fibers recruited in a given contraction |
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Term
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Definition
Rotary component – direction of motion
Non-rotary component
Stabilizing component – when angle is less than 90 degrees
Pulls bone ends together toward joint axis
Dislocation component – when angle is more than 90 degrees
Pulls bone away from joint axis |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems |
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Term
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Definition
Study of physical actions of forces
Static - constant
Dynamic – movement with acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
| Description of motion – time, displacement, acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of forces associated with the motion of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| The advantage gained through the uses of machines to increase or multiply the applied force in performing a task |
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Term
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Definition
Axis of rotation
The lever rotates about the axis as a result of force being applied to it to cause its movement against a resistance or weight.
Axis of rotation
The lever rotates about the axis as a result of force being applied to it to cause its movement against a resistance or weight. |
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Term
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Definition
Axis between force and resistance
E.g Head tilt |
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Term
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Definition
Resistance between axis and force
E.g Calf Raise, Wheelbarrow |
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Term
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Definition
Force between axis and resistance
E.g Bicep curl, Paddling boat
Most common |
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Term
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Definition
Moment of force (turning effect of eccentric force)
Multiply amount of force by force arm |
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Term
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Definition
| Force applied in a direction not in line with the center of rotation (not eccentric contraction) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| perpendicular distance between location of force application and axis |
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Term
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Definition
| distance between axis and point of resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| Sternoclavicular, Acromioclavicular, Scapulathoracic, Glenohumeral Joint. |
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Term
| Movements of the shoulder |
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Definition
Elevation – Depression
Protraction – Retraction
Upward Rotation – Downward Rotation |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior, abduction, downward rotation, and depression |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior, depression and abduction |
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Term
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Definition
| abduction and downward rotation |
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Term
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Definition
| Trapezius, Rhomboid, Levator Scapula |
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Term
| Trapezius Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin:
Base of skull, occipital protuberance, and
posterior ligaments of neck.
Spinous processes of C1-T12.
Insertion:
(Upper fibers) posterior aspect of the lateral third of the clavicle.
(Middle fibers) medial border of the acromion process and upper border of the scapular spine.
(Lower fibers) triangular space at the base of the scapular spine. |
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Term
| Trapezius Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action
Upper fibers- elevation of the scapula, extension and rotation of the neck at the head
Middle fibers- elevation, upper rotation, and adduction (retraction) of the scapula
Lower fibers-depression, adduction (retraction), and upper rotation of the scapula
Innervation
Spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) and branches of C3, C4 |
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Term
| Levator Scapulae Muscles Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin:
Transverse processes of the upper
four cervical vertebrae.
Insertion:
Medial border of the scapula above the base of the scapular spine. |
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Term
| Levator Scapulae Muscles Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
Elevates the medial margin of the scapula.
Innervation:
Dorsal scapula nerve C5 and branches of C3, C4. |
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Term
| Rhomboid Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin:
Spinous processes of the last cervical and the first five thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion:
Medial border of the scapula, below the spine. |
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Term
| Rhomboid Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
The rhomboid major and minor muscles work together.
Adduction (retraction): draw the scapula toward the spinal column.
Rotation downward: from the upward rotated position; they draw the scapula into downward rotation.
Elevation: slight upward movement accompanying adduction
Innervation
Dorsal scapula nerve |
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Term
| Serratus Anterior Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin:
Surface of the upper nine ribs at the side of the chest.
Insertion:
Anterior aspect of the whole length of the medial border of the scapula. |
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Term
| Serratus Anterior Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
Abduction (protraction): draws the medial border of the scapula away from the vertebrae.
Rotation upward: longer, lower fibers tend to draw the inferior angle of the scapula farther away from the vertebrae, thus rotating the scapula upward slightly.
Innervation:
Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7) |
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Term
| Pectoralis Minor Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin:
Anterior surfaces of the third to fifth ribs.
Insertion:
Coracoid process of the scapula. |
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Term
| Pectoralis Minor Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
Abduction (protraction): draws the scapula forward and tends to tilt the lower border away from the ribs.
Downward rotation: as it abducts, it draws the scapula downward.
Depression: when the scapula is rotated upward, it assists in depression
Innervation
Medial pectoral nerve |
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Term
| Subclavius Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin:
Superior aspect of first rib at its junction with its costal cartilage
Insertion:
Inferior groove in the midportion of the clavicle |
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Term
| Subclavius Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
Stabilization and protection of the sternoclavicular joint
Depression
Abduction (protraction)
Innervation:
Nerve fibers from C5 and C6 |
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Term
| Anterior Shoulder Muscles |
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Definition
Pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis
Subscapularis |
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Term
| Superior Shoulder Muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| Posterior Shoulder Muscles |
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Definition
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Infraspinatus
Teres minor |
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Term
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Definition
SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis |
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Term
| Subscapularis Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin:
Entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa.
Insertion:
Lesser tubercle of the humerus. |
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Term
| Subscapularis Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
Internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
Adduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Extension of the glenohumeral joint.
Stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
Innervation:
Upper and lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6) |
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Term
| Supraspinatus Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin:
Medial two-thirds of the supraspinatus fossa.
Insertion:
Superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus. |
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Term
| Suprasinatur Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
Weak abduction and stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
Innervation:
Suprascapular nerve (C5) |
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Term
| Infraspinatus Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin: Medial aspect of the infraspinatus fossa just below the spine of the scapula.
Insertion: Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus |
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Term
| Infraspinatus Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
External rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
Horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Extension of the glenohumeral joint.
Stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
Innervation
Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6) |
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Term
| Teres Minor Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin:
Posteriorly on the upper and middle aspect of the lateral border of the scapula.
Insertion:
Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus |
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Term
| Teres Minor Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
External rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
Horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Extension of the glenohumeral joint.
Stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
Innervation:
Axillary nerve (C5, C6) |
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Term
| Deltoid Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin:
Anterior fibers: anterior lateral third of the clavicle.
Middle fibers: lateral aspect of the acromion.
Posterior fibers:
inferior edge of the
spine of the scapula
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity
on the lateral humerus. |
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Term
| Deltoid Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
Anterior fibers: abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
Middle fibers: abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Posterior fibers: abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
Innervation
Axillary nerve |
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Term
| Coracobrachialis Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin:
Coracoid process of the scapula.
Insertion:
Middle of the medial border of the humeral shaft. |
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Term
| Coracobrachialis Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
Flexion of the glenohumeral joint.
Adduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Horizontal adduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Innervation
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7) |
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Term
| Pectoralis Major Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Upper fibers (clavicular head): medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle.
Lower fibers (sternal head): anterior surfaces of the costal cartilage of the first six ribs, and adjacent portion of the sternum.
Insertion:
Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to the outer lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus. |
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Term
| Pectoralis Major Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
Upper fibers (clavicular head): internal rotation, horizontal adduction, flexion, abduction (once the arm is abducted 90 degrees, the upper fibers assist in further abduction), and adduction (with the arm below 90 degrees of abduction) of the glenohumeral joint.
Lower fibers (sternal head): internal rotation, horizontal adduction, extension, and adduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Innervation
Upper fibers- lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7)
Lower fibers- medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1) |
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Term
| Latissimus Dorsi Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin:
Posterior crest of the ilium, back of the sacrum and spinous processes of the lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae (T6-12); slips from the lower three ribs.
Insertion:
Medial side of the intertubercular groove of the humerus |
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Term
| Latissimus Dorsi Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
Adduction of the glenohumeral joint. Extension of the glenohumeral joint. Internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint. Horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Innervation:
Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8) |
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Term
| Teres Major Origin and Insertion |
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Definition
Origin:
Posteriorly on the inferior third of the lateral border of the scapula and just superior to the inferior angle.
Insertion:
Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus. |
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Term
| Teres Major Action and Innervation |
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Definition
Action:
Extension of the glenohumeral joint, particularly from the flexed position to the posteriorly extended position.
Internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
Adduction of the glenohumeral joint, particularly from the abducted position down to the side and toward the midline of the body.
Innervation
Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6) |
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