cell checks that DNA replication is completed and prepares for cel division.

Anaphase

(up)

[image]

chromotids, now called sister chromosomes, seperate towards the poles

cardiovascular system

[image]

via blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs

heart , blood, blood vessels

cell membrane

where active and passive transport takes place

thin sheets composed of phospholipids and proteins.

[image]

•   final stage in telophase
• two daughter cells are formed from the dividing cells

splitting of cytoplasm

digetive system

[image]

takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, rectum, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, anus

and accessory structures( teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder)

endocrine system

[image]

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use by body cells

slow acting control center

pineal gland, pituitory gland, thymus,parathyroid, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes and ovaries

gallbladder

liver

stomach

diaphragm

transverse colon

a process of passive transport, facilitated by transport proteins

substances move from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration down their concentration gradient

females reproductive system

[image]

overall function is to produce offspring

ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. the remaining female structure serves as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. mammory glands of female breast produce milk

mammory glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes

hypertonic

[image]

urinary bladder

sigmoid colon

small intestine

hypotonic

[image]

integumentary system

[image]

forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury

SKIN, SWEAT GLANDS, OIL GLANDS, HAIR AND NAILS

interphase

(between phases)

 [image]

the longest stage of the cell cycle.

as the cell prepares for mitosis, the chromosomes replicate during the S phase

• G1   
•   S phase   
•  G2   

diaphragm

stomach

pancreas

spleen

sigmoid colon

small intestines

sigmoid colon

decending colon

left kidney

left ureter

decending colon

small intestine

liver

spleen

stomach

pancreas

transverse colon

descendiing colon

adrenal gland

left kidney

lymphatic system

[image]

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

red bone marrow

thymus

lymphatic vessels

thoracic duct

spleen

lymph nodes

tonsils

male reproductive sytem

[image]

overall function is to produce offspring

testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands  aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract

prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, duct system

metaphase

(middle)

[image]

microscope

substage light

condenser

mechanical stage knobs

[image]

mitosis

(eukaryotes)

(divion 1/ 2 daughter cells)

Used for repair, growth, and replacement

Produces two identical daughter cells

(somatic cells)

muscular system

allows manipulation of the environment, locomation and facial expression. maintains posture and produces heat

skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and tendons

nervous system

 [image]

responds to internal and external changes by activating appropiate muscles and glands

fast acting

brain, spinal cord, crainial nerves, spinal nerves and sensory receptors

passive transport

[image]

 moving biochemicals and atomic or molecular substances across the cell membrane. Unlike active transport, this process does not involve chemical energy. The four main kinds of

are diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration and osmosis.

pleura

prophase

(before)

[image]

• the replicated chromatids begin to coil into recognizable chromosomes; the nuclear membrane fragments; spindle fibers form; nucleus and nuclear membrane disintegrates

respitory system

[image]

takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

involved in acid base balance

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

liver

gallbladder large intestines

cecum

appendix

cecum

appendix

ascending colon

right kidney

right ureter

ascending colon

small intestines

pancreas

duodenum

right adrenal gland

liver

gallbladder

right kidney

pylorus

ascending colon

transverse colon

sagittal plane

[image]

simple diffusion

osmosis

facilitated diffusion

skeletal system

[image]

protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. blood cells are formed w/in the bones. bones store minerals

bone, tendons, cartilage, joints and ligaments

telophase

[image]

small intestine

transverse colon

urinary system

[image]

eliminates nitrogenous wastes

regulates water electrolytes  and acid base balance of the blood

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, AND URETHRA

ventral body cavity

[image]

anterior and larger of the closed body cavities

has 2 major subdivisions: the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

need to know what organs are in each cavity

4x scanning lens

10x low power lens

40x high power lens

100x oil immersion lens

epidermis

stratum basale

[image]

starting from the bottom 1st layer where all new layers are born here

 (basal layer)

a single row of cells immediately adjacent to the dermis

epidermis

stratum spinosum

[image]

2nd spiny layer

a stratum consisting of several cell layers immediately superfisicial to the basal layer

epidermis

stratum granulosum

[image]

3rd granular layer

a thin layer named for the abundant granules its cell collects

epidermis

lucidum

[image]

4th layer

clear layer

 palms, soles and feet

a very thin translucent band of flattened dead keratincytes w/ indistinct boundaries

epidermis

stratum corneum

[image]

last layer top

horny/ tough layer

the outtermost epidermal layer consist of some 20 to 30 cell layers and accounts for the bulk of epidermal thickness

dermis

papillary layer

[image]

top 20% of the dermis

superfiscial region compossed of areolar connective tissue

uneven and has finger like projections for its superior surface

dermis

dermal papillae

[image]

dermis

reticular layer

[image]

the deepest skin layer

compossed of dense irregular connective tissue and contains many arteries and veins, sweat and sabaceous glands, and pressure receptors

hypodermis

[image]

hair

hair follicle

[image]

part inside skin

structure formed from both epidermal and dermal cells. its inner root shealth has 2 parts (internal and external)

hair

hair root

[image] 

where it all starts

portion of the hair enclosed w/in the follicle

hair shaft

[image]

part that comes out skin

portion projecting from scalp surface

hair

arrector pili muscle

[image]

red muscle bilayer

makes hair stand up

small bands of smooth muscle contract each hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis

cutaneous glands

sabaceous glands

[image]

makes oil

lubracates skin n hair

alll over skin except palms and sole of feet

usually empty in hair follicles but some directly on the skin

cutaneous glands

eccrine sudoriferous glands

[image]

sweat glands

distributed all over the body

clear perpiration water, salt, and urea

important part of body's heat regulation

cutaneous glands

apocrine sudoriferous glands

[image]

in arm pits, genital region

produces sweat lipids and proteins

sensory receptors

meissner's corpuscle

[image]

small nerves light touch receptors

in dermal papillae

sensory receptors

pacinian corpuscle

[image]

deep pressure touch receptor

 have large receptive fields and are most sensitive to high-frequency stimuli, such as vibration.

sensory receptors

nociceptor

[image]

simple squamous epithelium

[image]

single layer of cubelike cells w/ large spherical central neclei

secretion and absorbtion

kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

simple columnar epithelium

[image]

single layer of tall cells w/ round o oval neclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain nucleus secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

absorbtion and secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus

nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and secretory ducts of some glands

cilated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

[image]

single layer of cells of differing height, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen @ different levels; amy contain mucus secreting cells and bear cilia

secretion particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

noncilated type in male sperm carryin ducts and ducts of large glands

ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respitory tract

stratified squamous epithelium\

[image]

A multiple-layered epithelium composed of thin, flat superficial cells and cuboidal and columnar deeper cells.
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

nonkeirtin type forms the soft lining of the esophagus, mouth and vagina

keritanized part lines the epidermis of the skin

stratified cuboidal epithelium

[image]

generally 2 layers of cublike cells

protection

largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands and salivary glands

stratified columnar epithelium

[image]

several cell layers; basal cells usually cubidal; superfiscial cells elongated and columnar

protection secretion

rare in body small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts

transitional epithelium

[image]

resembles both stratified n squamous stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike

stretches readily n permits distension of urinary organ by contaminated urine

lines ureters, urinary bladder and part of the urethra