Term
| Where do most body fluids originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main pressures of body fluids? |
|
Definition
-Cap hydrostatic pressure
-Colloid osmotic pressure |
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|
Term
| What does capillary hydrostatic pressure do? |
|
Definition
| Pushes fluid out of the vessel by BLOOD PRESSURE |
|
|
Term
| What does colloid osmotic pressure do? |
|
Definition
| Draws fluid back into the vessel with ALBUMINS |
|
|
Term
| Which of the two main pressures is stronger? |
|
Definition
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increased fluid in a body cavity |
|
|
Term
| What does effusion commonly signify? |
|
Definition
An underlying disorder.
Anything that impairs absorbtion, alters cap pressure, or alters albumin can cause effusion |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 classifications of effusions? |
|
Definition
-Transudate (pure)
-Modified transudate
-Exudate
-Hemorrhagic effusion
-Chylous effusion |
|
|
Term
| How do we do cell counts on fluid samples? |
|
Definition
| Use a hemocytometer as if for a white blood count |
|
|
Term
| Why should we not use an automated cell counter for fluid samples? |
|
Definition
| If the sample is thick it may clog the machine |
|
|
Term
| Are pure transudates common? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common characteristics of pure transudates? |
|
Definition
-Most due to low albumin
-Protein is less than 2.5gm/dl
-Fewer than 1000 cells/ul
-see mesothelial cells and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Describe mesothelial cells |
|
Definition
-Line the body cavities
-Basophilic cytoplasm
-Oval nucleus and may see a nucleolus
-May see clusters, mitosis, and vacuoles |
|
|
Term
| Are modified transudates common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are midified transudates due to? |
|
Definition
| Vascular pressure changes. Commonly seen with neoplasms |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of modified transudates? |
|
Definition
-Yellow to serosanguinous appearance
-Protein generally greater than 2.5gm/dl
->1000 and <5000 cells/ul
-Mesothelial cells and macrophages present |
|
|
Term
| What are the lymphnodes located in the chest called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common neoplastic effusions? |
|
Definition
| Lymphoma and mast cell tumors |
|
|
Term
| What are exudates due to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of exudates? |
|
Definition
-May be septic or nonseptic
-Protein >2.5gm/dl
-More than 5000 cells/ ul
-Mostly segs, some macs (may see mesothelial cells) |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of septic exudates? |
|
Definition
-Bacteria present (free or in segs)
-May see karyolysis |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of nonseptic exudates? |
|
Definition
-Many segs (normal, hypersegmentation, pyknosis)
-No bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of FIP? |
|
Definition
-A nonseptic exudate
-Often yellow green and viscous
-Elevated protein
-Elevated cell count
-Bluish granular background |
|
|
Term
| What is the bluish granular background in samples with FIP due to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hemorrhagic effusion? |
|
Definition
Internal bleeding due to
-spleen or liver rupture
-vessel rupture/coagulopathy
-blood vessel tumor rupture |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of internal bleeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you know if the blood in a sample is fresh or old? |
|
Definition
| Erythrophagocytosis is a sign of old blood, and you will see platelets if blood is within 4 hours old |
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|
Term
| What does a chylous effusion look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will be elevated when you have a chylous effusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell will you predominantly see when you have a chylous effusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other diseases might you see chylous effusions with? |
|
Definition
-Cardiomyopathy
-Lymphosarcoma (lymphoma) |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest lymph vessel in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 other names for a bronchial wash? |
|
Definition
-Transtracheal aspiration
-Bronchoalveolar lavage |
|
|
Term
| What do we do bronchial washes? |
|
Definition
| As a diagnostic aid for lower respiratory tract disease |
|
|
Term
| Where should you insert the catheter for a bronchial wash in dogs and cats? |
|
Definition
| Between the tracheal rings to the bifurcation |
|
|
Term
| Where should you insert the catheter for a bronchial wash in large animals? |
|
Definition
| Measure from midthorax to trachea |
|
|
Term
| What should normal cytology of body fluids look like? |
|
Definition
-few cells
-ciliated columnar cells
-cuboidal cells
-macrophages
-lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What cells should you not see in normal cytology of body fluids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When may you see simonsiella in a bronchial wash? |
|
Definition
| If the catheter was in the pharynx |
|
|
Term
| Why do we do arthrocentesis? |
|
Definition
| To diagnose joint disease |
|
|
Term
| What do we collect and analyze from arthrocentesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of normal synovial fluid? |
|
Definition
-Clear to straw colored
-No turbidity
-Viscous
-Low cell count (<2000/ul)
-Protein 2.5gm/ul |
|
|
Term
| When doing cell counts on body fluid why do we not use acetic acid? |
|
Definition
| Because it clots the mucin |
|
|
Term
| what are some characteristics of normal cytology in body fluids? |
|
Definition
-90% of cells are mononuclear
-Cells often aligned linearly
-Granular eosinophilic background (from mucin) |
|
|
Term
| If there is a traumatic/degenerative arthropathy, what will you see? |
|
Definition
-Increase in mononuclear cells
-Osteoclasts seen if erosion of cartilage
-Fluid may be red or cloudy |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of infectious arthritis? |
|
Definition
-Mostly segs
-Poor mucin clot
-May clot or see turbidity
-May find organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ultrafiltrate of plasma that bathes the exterior of the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What are the indications of CSF evaluation? |
|
Definition
-P showing CSF signs
-Patient showing neck or back pain
-Suspicious of EPM |
|
|
Term
| Where should we collect CSF from? |
|
Definition
| The cisterna magna or lumbosacral space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the chracteristics of normal CSF? |
|
Definition
-Clear and colorless
-Few cells (<25 cells/ul in dogs)
-Low protein (<50-60mg/dl) use dipstick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A crude test to detect globulins
-Abnormal if globulins are present |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 reasons we do laboratory testing for reproduction? |
|
Definition
-To facilitate breeding
-To assist in diagnosis of reproductive diseases
-To assist in diagnosis of the causes of infertility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialty science of animal reproduction |
|
|
Term
| How long is the estrous cycle in a dog? |
|
Definition
| -Averages 6 months give or take 1 |
|
|
Term
| When is the length of the estrous cycle in a dog abnormal? |
|
Definition
| -If its <4 months or >12 months |
|
|
Term
| What are the four stages of the estrous cycle? |
|
Definition
-Proestrus
-Estrus
-Diestrus
-Anestrus |
|
|
Term
| How long does proestrus normally last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs that a dog is in proestrus stage? |
|
Definition
-Swollen vulva, variable vaginal bleeding
-males are attracted
-Females may be aggressive |
|
|
Term
| How long does the estrus stage normally last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of estrus? |
|
Definition
-Vulva still swollen
-Some bloody discharge (more serosanguinous now)
-Tail flags/will usually stand to be mounted |
|
|
Term
| When does a dog normally ovulate? |
|
Definition
| 48-72 hours after coming into estrus |
|
|
Term
| How long does diestrus last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of diestrus? |
|
Definition
-Discharge ceases
-Vulva returns to normal
-Dog becomes pregnant or proceeds to anestrus |
|
|
Term
| In which stge can you see pseudocyesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would we call diestrus, metestrus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gestation period of a dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does anestrus last in the dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would cause permanent anestrus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An uncommon, zoonotic disease that can cause infertility |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of infertility? |
|
Definition
| Breeding at the wrong time |
|
|
Term
| What are some other causes of infertility? |
|
Definition
-Endocrine disorder
-Hypothyroidism
-Infection
-Anatomical defect
-Sterile male
-Poor semen quality |
|
|
Term
| How do ovulation timing tests work? |
|
Definition
| They determine progesterone levels. When there is a surge of Leutinizing hormone, the dog will ovulate 48 hours later |
|
|
Term
| When are ovulation timing tests essential? |
|
Definition
| When using fresh, chilled, or frozen semen |
|
|
Term
| How often do we repeat the ovulation timing test? |
|
Definition
| every 2-3 days that the cytology suggests ovulation |
|
|
Term
| What does the ICG status pro and the target ovulation test measure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When can you breed after seeing the color change from blue to white on the target test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should you inseminate a bitch? |
|
Definition
-Day 5-7 after the LH peak if doing AI with frozen semes
-multiple times, days 2,4, and 6 if breeding |
|
|
Term
| Why do we do vaginal cytology? |
|
Definition
-To identify cellular reactions if pathology is occuring
-To help identify the stage of estrous cycle |
|
|
Term
| How accurate is vaginal cytology for determining the stage of estrous? |
|
Definition
| Not vary. Cytology lags behind hormonal events |
|
|
Term
| What should you avoid when Obtaining a vaginal cytology? |
|
Definition
| The vestibule. Insert at an upward angle |
|
|
Term
| Which cells are present in vaginal cytology? |
|
Definition
-basal cells
-parabasal cells
-intermediate cells
-superficial intermediate cells
-superficial cells |
|
|
Term
| Which cells can we not see in cytology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are superficial intermediate and superficial cells also known as? |
|
Definition
| cornified or keratinized cells |
|
|
Term
| When might you see an increase in cornified cells? |
|
Definition
| When close to estrus stage |
|
|
Term
| What other cells may you see in vaginal cytology? |
|
Definition
-segs
-rbcs during cycle
-bacteria in the background |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of vaginal cytology in proestrus? |
|
Definition
-noncornified cells
-RBCs
-cornification of cells increases as proestrus prgresses |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of vaginal cytology in estrus? |
|
Definition
-cornified cells
-may see rbcs
-segs are rare |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of cytology in diestrus? |
|
Definition
-abrubt retun to noncornified cells
-see segs
-may see metestrum cells (epithelial cells with a seg in it) |
|
|
Term
| When should you whelp puppies? |
|
Definition
| 56-57 days from day 1 of diestrus |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of vaginal cytology in anestrus? |
|
Definition
--noncornified epithelial cells
-occasional segs |
|
|
Term
| What ways can we diagnose pregnancy? |
|
Definition
-Palpation
-ultrasound
-rads
-relaxin test |
|
|
Term
| Why should we not take rads of a pregnant dog until after 42 days? |
|
Definition
-xrays can injure fetus
-cannot see structures until then anyway |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean to be an induced ovulator? |
|
Definition
| The act of intercourse stimulates an egg to drop |
|
|
Term
| What species are induced ovulators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does the estrus cycle last in a cow? |
|
Definition
20-21 days
-Estrus only lasts 12-18 hours |
|
|
Term
| Why are 30-40% of estrums in cows missed? |
|
Definition
| Because they are so short and people aren't actively watching them |
|
|
Term
| When should you perform a milk progesterone test? |
|
Definition
| -Day 20. + if pregnant. if not, rebreed and test again on day 24 |
|
|
Term
| How accurate are milk progesteron tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some estrual signs in mares? |
|
Definition
-Vulval winking
-standing to be bred |
|
|
Term
| How long is the estrous cycle in the horse? |
|
Definition
21 days
-estrus varies from 4-9 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-days 1 and 3 of estrus if a short cycle
-days 3 and 6 if long |
|
|
Term
| When may we use a progesterone test to diagnose pregnancy in a horse? |
|
Definition
| -dy 16 after estrus signs are seen |
|
|
Term
| What else can we use a progesterone test for? |
|
Definition
-Monitoring progesterone levels during pregnancy
-To confirm ovulation
-To confirm estrus if no signs
-To determine if the CL is present if acyclic or abnormal cycles |
|
|
Term
| What patterns can you see in equine endometrial cytology? |
|
Definition
-inactive pattern
-transitional pattern
-active pattern
-urine pooling pattern |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the inactive pattern? |
|
Definition
-winter
-ciliated and non-cuboidal to low clumnar cells
-cells often arranged in groups |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the transitional pattern? |
|
Definition
-ciliated columnar cells
-some cuboidal cells
-often seen in fall/spring
-changes to inactive as winter approaches |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the active pattern? |
|
Definition
-Mostly non-ciliated columnar cells
-Few lymphs and some mucus |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of a urine pooling pattern? |
|
Definition
-Mod. number of segs
-Abundant tall columnar cells
-Group of epithelial cells with large nuclei and prominant nucleoli
-urine crystals |
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