Term
| How do we clinically induce passive immunization? In which specific instances is this vital? |
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Definition
-we inject antiserum into animals to protect them against infection
-vital against toxins and life threatening infections such as rabies |
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Term
| How is passive immunity gained naturally? |
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Definition
| -transfer of Ab to newborns via colostrum |
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Term
| What is the major concern we have with passive immunity? |
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Definition
| -either acquired or administered antiserum will interfere with immunization |
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Term
| How do we combat quick catabolization of antisera in recipient animals? |
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Definition
-prepare the Fab portion of the Ab only
-it is as efficacious as the entire Ab molecule in neutralizing pathogens and toxins and are catabolized more slowly than the entire Ig |
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Term
| What are the advantes of passive immunity? |
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Definition
-immediate protection
-works well for pathogens that are poor immunogens |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of passive immunity? |
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Definition
-protection is short-lived
-interferes (delays) the ability to vaccinate the animals |
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Term
| Are there any possible negative side effects of inducing passive immunization? |
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Definition
-heterologous antiser can cause hypersensitivity or severe allergies, and antiserum raised inhorses have caused serum sickness (type III hypersensitivity) when injected animals and man
-antisera can also transfer blood borne diseases |
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Term
| Most vaccines in vet med fall under which two categories? Define them. |
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Definition
-inactivated (killed) vaccine: the whole virus or part of the virus is inactivated and then injected into the animal
-modified live virus: contain live viruses that have been attenuated (rendered less pathogenic or virulent) |
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Term
| What is the difference in the immune responses induced by killed and MLV vaccines? |
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Definition
-killed vaccines stimulate a strong humoral Ab response with little CMI response
-MLV replicate and present the antigen both exogenously and endogenously, thereby inducing both a strong humoral and CMI immune response via Th1 and Th2 helper cells |
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Term
| Definition: Inactivated whole virus vaccine |
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Definition
| -viruses are inactivated by agents that render them non-infectious or non-toxic while retaining hteir antigenicity |
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Term
| What two agents are commonly used for the inactivation of inactivated whole viruses? |
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Definition
-formaldehyde
-alkylating agents: B-propiolactone |
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Term
| HOw are type I recombinant vaccines produced? |
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Definition
| -yeast, mammalian cells, insects (coth cell cultures), and bacteria are directed to produce viral proteins in very large quantities, the cloned viral gene of interest is translated into the viral proteins in those eukaryotic cells |
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Term
| Give an example of a type I recombinant vaccine. |
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Definition
| -Hepatitis B, HA molecule of influenza A, B subunit of E. coli enterotoxin, 70 kDa glycoprotein of FeLV, VP1 protein of Foot and mouth disease virus |
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Term
| Describe how genetic engirneering has also been used to manufacture viral proteins that self-assemble into virus-like particles. Give an example of such a vaccine. |
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Definition
-manufacture of the different capsomeres that make up a naked non-enveloped birus and mixing hte different proteins together will cause them to self assemble into a virus-like particle (not bery stable and are less immunogenic)
-ex: Human Papilloma virus |
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Term
| Why do we add adjuvants to inactivated vaccines? |
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Definition
| -to maximize their immunogenicity thus lesser amount of antigen and fewer doses of the vaccine are required to provide good immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| -materials that are added to vaccines to increase both the humoral and CMI responses = act as vehicles that slow down the degradatio nof the Ag so that it is released over a longer period of time or as immunomodulators that localize the Ag creating a non-specific prolonged cell-mediated inflammatory response by constantly stimulating phagocytosis |
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Term
| Can you name a common adjuvant? How does it work? Any ill side effects? |
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Definition
-Aluminum salts such as alum (Al(OH)3) gel and Al2(PO)3
-proteins absorb it, form a deposit in tissue, and are slowly released from the infection site over a prolonged period
-sarcoma in cats and granulomatous reaction in animals |
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Term
| Name an adjuvant that is an example of a macrophage stimulator. |
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Definition
| -bacterial cell wall fractions such as LPS or maramyl dipeptide |
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Term
| Name an adjuvant that is an example of a lymphocyte activator. |
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Definition
| -cell wall fractions from Bordetella pertussus |
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Term
| Name an adjuvant that stimulated antigen processing. |
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Definition
| -surface active agents such as Saponin and Squalene |
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Term
| How do naked DNA vaccines work? |
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Definition
| -naked DNA genes are under the control of a promoter that transcribes mRNA which in turn are translated into viral immunogenic proteins |
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Term
| How are naked DNA vaccines administered? Why? |
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Definition
-IM
-so the myocytes will take up the DNA and treat it as endogenous and exogenous protein, stimulating both CMI and humoral immunity |
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Term
| Why are naked DNA vaccines not very successful as vaccines? |
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Definition
| -they can prime the animal to the antigen but the DNA can also be integrated into the cell's DNA and activate onc genes |
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Term
| True or False: Live virulent virus requires major modification to be given by an abnormal route or given to another host to induce immunity. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, live virulent virus without any modification can be given by an abnormal route or given to another host to induce immunity |
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Term
| Give an example of injecting a live virulent virus in an abnormal place to induce immunity. |
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Definition
| -Infectious laryngotracheitis virus can be inoculted onto the cloaca of chickens and stimulate a good mucosal immune response without causing respiratory infection |
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Term
| Give an example of injecting a live virulent virus in an abnormal host to induce immunity. |
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Definition
| -chickens can be protected from Marek's disease by infecting them with a virulent turkey herpesvirus |
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Term
| What is the main disadvantage of live virulent virus vaccines? |
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Definition
| -the virus can spread to other animals |
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Term
| How do we create attenuated modified live vaccines via passage? |
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Definition
-the virulence of the virus or bacteria can be reduced by growing and passaging hte virus through tissue culture cells, eggs, or animals
-re-inoculate animals until the virus is adapted to causing disease only in an abnormal host, thus when injected into original host it causes a mild infection followed by strong humoral and CMI immune responses that protect the host against future infection with the virulent virus |
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Term
| Ho do we attenuate viruses without passaging them? |
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Definition
| -mutagenize then with UV ligh and then test the mutagenized viruses for virulence in the host animal with the hope of recovering an attentuated strain |
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Term
| What are temperature sensitive mutants? Give an example. |
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Definition
-viruses that have been selected for their inability to grow at normal body temperature
-ex: temp-sensitive resp virus (IBR virus) will only grow in the nasal passages and not deep in the lungs or in hte body |
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Term
| Give an example of a virus that has a temperature sensitive mutant vaccine. |
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Definition
| -respiratory viruses of cattle = IBR, dogs = Parainfluenza virus, Cats = Coronavirus and FIP |
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Term
| What is an advantage of temperature sensitive mutant vaccines? |
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Definition
| -they can overcoem the protection rpovedid by passive transfer of antibodies and can therefore by given to young animals |
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Term
| Most of the virus vaccines used in vet med are MLV vaccines in which live viruses are stabilized by ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Do MLV stabilized by lyophilization require one or more than one inoculation? Explain. |
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Definition
| -they confer good immunity after only ONE inoculation since the virus replicates in the animal |
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Term
| What is a genetically attenuated vaccine? |
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Definition
| -viruses that are attenuated genetically by genetic manipulation of the genome |
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