Term
| Ancient/classical Period Key Sites |
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Definition
- Delphi, Greece
- Plato’s Academy, Athens
- Villa Adriana, Tivoli |
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Term
| Mughal and Islamic Key Sites |
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Definition
- Humayun’s tomb, Delhi
- Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar
- Taj Mahal, Agra
- Bagh-e-Babur, Kabul
- Alhambra, Spain
- Generalife, Spain |
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Term
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Definition
- Gardens of Vaux-le-Vicomte
- Gardens of Versailles |
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Term
| Colonial America Key Sites |
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Definition
- Monticello, Charlottesville, VA
- Mount Vernon, VA |
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Term
| Neoclassical, British 18th and 19th-century gardens Key Sites |
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Definition
- Castle Howard, Yorkshire
- Rousham, Bicester
- Stowe, Buckinghamshire
- Stourhead, Wiltshire |
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Term
| 19th Century and the New Metropolis Key Sites |
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Definition
- Central Park, NY
- National Mall, Washington, DC
- Emerald Necklace, Boston, MA
- Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA |
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Term
| Modern Movement and Contemporary Landscape Design Key Sites |
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Definition
- The Donnell Garden, California
- Brasilia, Brazil
- The High Line, New York City
- Gardens by the Bay, Botanical Garden, Singapore
- Boston Greenway, Boston |
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Term
| Commerce and Consumerism: Imagineered landscape examples |
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Definition
- Disneyland
- Houston Galleria ice rink |
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Term
| Minimalist Landscape Examples |
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Definition
- 9/11 Memorial New York by Peter Walker
- Federal Plaza, NY City, Martha
Schwartz Partners
- Harvard University, Tanner Fountain, Peter Walker |
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Term
| Landscape as Concrete and Metaphysical Poetry |
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Definition
- Vietnam Memorial, Maya Lin
- Little Sparta, Ian Hamilton Finlay, |
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Term
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Definition
| A design approach emphasizing simplicity, functionality, and harmony with the environment, characterized by clean lines, geometric forms, and the integration of natural and built elements to create minimalist, purposeful outdoor spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| integration of natural spaces into daily life, catering to practical, emotional, and aesthetic needs |
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Term
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Definition
- Prospect Cottage, England, by Derek Jarman
- City by Michael Heizer, Nevada
- Land art |
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Term
| Environmentalism and sustainability |
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Definition
- VanDusen Botanical Garden - "green roofs"
- Vertical Gardens, Patrick Blanc |
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Term
| Modern Movement and Contemporary Landscape Design Key Designers |
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Definition
- Roberto Burle Marx
- Lawrence Halprin |
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Term
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Definition
| Singapore. Supertree solar panels save energy and the park uses water recycling. Lots of greenery causes urban cooling |
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Term
| The High Line (High Line Park) |
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Definition
- New York City
- James Corner
- reclaimed elevated rail line
- linear public park
- native plantings |
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Term
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Definition
| A pioneering Brazilian landscape architect known for blending modernist principles with bold, abstract designs. He revolutionized landscape architecture by integrating native plants, creating dynamic, art-inspired layouts, and emphasizing sustainability. Landscape architect of Brasilia, Brazil and Edmundo Cavanellas Residence and Ministery of Education & Health garden. |
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Term
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Definition
| It integrates expansive green spaces, native vegetation, and bold geometric layouts, blending natural and urban environments to reflect harmony and functionality in a modernist aesthetic. |
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Term
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Definition
- Lawrence Halprin (lead design), and Thomas Church (landscape),
- Sonoma, California.
- Mid-20th-century modernist garden. |
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Term
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Definition
| A linear park system in Boston, Massachusetts, created by reclaiming space from the Big Dig highway project. It features sustainable landscaping, public art, native plantings, and flexible spaces for community activities, reconnecting neighborhoods and enhancing urban ecology in the heart of the city. |
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Term
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Definition
| American. known for his innovative designs that emphasize human experience, movement, and environmental interaction. |
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Term
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Definition
Parks: Designed public green spaces for recreation, relaxation, and community gatherings. Open lawns, playgrounds, walking paths, gardens. Natural retreat for city dwellers.
Parkways: Landscaped roadways designed not just for transportation, but to offer scenic views and connect parks and natural areas. Often part of a larger “park system,” parkways are green corridors with trees, plantings, and sometimes recreational facilities, enhancing both mobility and aesthetic experience. |
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Term
| Lancelot Capability Brown |
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Definition
18th-century landscape architect
Sweeping, naturalistic landscapes.
Popularized the “English Landscape Garden” movement, creating large,
- big open lawns
- gentle slopes
- strategic planting of trees to enhance scenic beauty and mimic nature. |
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Term
|
Definition
- Oxfordshire, England
- English Landscape Garden style
- Formal garden: Charles Bridgeman
- Landscape garden by William Kent
- Transition to Serpentine Style
- naturalistic planting, classical temples
- Bowling Green
- Idealized countryside + Gothicized Temple
of the Mill and ruin arch (the ‘Eyecatcher’), |
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Term
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Definition
The Ha-Ha
The Temple of Echo
The Cascade |
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Term
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Definition
- Stourton, England
- William Kent
- English Landscape Garden style. |
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Term
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Definition
Classical Temples
Ornamental lakes
dramatic vistas |
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Term
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Definition
- Buckinghamshire, England
- Charles Bridgeman, William Kent, Capability Brown
- gardens changed from a baroque park to a natural landscape garden |
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Term
|
Definition
- Temple of Venus and the Temple of British Worthies
- Naturalistic Planting, picturesque
- Haha |
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Term
|
Definition
- 18th-19th century English landscape architect.
- Refinined the English Landscape Garden style.
- Known for his emphasis on blending natural beauty with more structured elements like formal planting and design. Notable works include Wrest Park and Kenwood House.
- Sezincote Gardens (“Neo-Mughal”
Indian influences) |
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Term
| The Donnell Garden Elements |
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Definition
- Organic forms
- Fluid spaces
- Integration with the surrounding landscape
- Freeform swimming pool
- Outdoor “rooms”
- Benchmark for residential landscape design
- Functionality, beauty, and a connection to nature. |
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Term
| ‘Natural’ vs. ‘Naturalistic’ |
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Definition
Natural is the "sublime"
Natural is "Picturesque"
Naturalistic is the "beautiful"
Naturalistic is "Brownian" |
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Term
|
Definition
- aesthetic ideal
- evokes ‘natural’ landscapes
- rougher terrain
- dead trees, ruins, ravines
- dramatic asymmetry, in
- contrast with Capability Brown’s |
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Term
|
Definition
- North Yorkshire, England
[STUB] |
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Term
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Definition
- New York City 1857
- Frederick Law Olmsted
- picturesque style
- First “Public Park” in the US.
- Cost over $10 mil.
- Wealthy New Yorkers wanted a
park city like London & Paris
- 3 villages removed with African-American & Irish immigrants |
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Term
|
Definition
- Srinagar, India
- designed by Jahangir
- Mughal Garden style (Persian-inspired)
[STUB] |
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Term
|
Definition
- Formal, geometric layouts
- Water features
- Symmetrical planting
- Lush greenery
[STUB] |
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Term
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Definition
- No right angles internally, to forget the urban grid (creates contrast to the street grid)
- Curving paths
- Rolling hills
- Meadows, forest clearings
- blend of formal and informal
- aspects of the landscape garden style (highly planned out)
- Water reservoir
[STUB] |
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Term
|
Definition
- Delhi, India
- Mughal Garden Style
- introduced the charbagh garden to India
- Raised walkways & sunken plant beds |
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Term
|
Definition
- Agra, India
- Emperor Shah Jahan supervisor
- Mughal charbagh design
- Axial Alignment and Symmetry
- Terraced Layout
- Integration with the Yamuna River
- Mughal garden emphasis on water |
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Term
|
Definition
- Kabul, Afghanistan
- Emperor Babur
- Charbagh layout
- Quranic vision of paradise
- adapts to Kabul’s sloped terrain with cascading terraces
- influenced Shalimar Bagh and Humayun’s Tomb gardens |
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Term
|
Definition
- Granada, Spain
- “The Red Fort”
- converted roman fort
- Islamic Moorish Architecture
- Nasrid Dynasty
- Nasrid Style: Christian Moorish combo
- Terraced gardens
- lush greenery, fountains, and pools
- Islamic Symbolism: paradise |
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Term
|
Definition
- Alhambra, Spain
- Next to the red fort
- Built by Muhammad III
- terraced design with emphasis on water
- Court of the Long Pond (pools at ends)
- Garden of the Sultana (U-shaped pool)
- Water staircase |
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Term
| Philosophy behind the chahar bagh; its evolution over time |
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Definition
- Symbol of Paradise: Islamic cosmology
- paradise
- water, milk, honey, and wine
- Geometric Precision: (symmetrical and axial)
- Nature and Spirituality: (plants and water)
Persian Origins:
- enclosed, axial, water
Mughal Adaptations:
- introduced to India by Babur,
blended with local landscape
(addition of terraces)
- Taj Mahal
- Humayun’s Tomb |
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Term
|
Definition
- residential
- tombs/funerary
- pleasure |
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Term
|
Definition
- Stream, pond (stroll) gardens
- Tea gardens
- Dry (Zen) gardens |
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Term
| Chinese vs Japanese vs Korean landscape architecture |
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Definition
Chinese:
- Huge, open, formal
- artificial landscapes, rocks
Korean:
- ‘nature gardens’
- Respect for the existing
environment
- Medium, made by merchants
Japan:
- Miniature
- nature scenery, idealized
landscapes |
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Term
| Chinese: Yuan Ye: “The Garden Treatise” |
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Definition
- book by Ji Cheng
- Ming dynasty
- how to make creating harmonious and
aesthetically pleasing gardens
- use natural elements:
- water, rocks, plants
- balance, tranquility, and beauty
- Daoism/ Confucianism.
- Situation: choice of site
- Selection of rocks/stones
- Borrowed scenery |
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Term
| Master of the Nets Garden |
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Definition
- Suzhou, China
- Compartmentalized
- poetic names
- lake
- artificial rocks and rockeries,
symbolizing mountains
- small space
- indoor and outdoor design |
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Term
| Garden of the Humble Administrator |
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Definition
- Suzhou, China
- by Wang Xiancheng
- A garden in 3 main parts:
(East-West-Central + courtyards)
- Borrowed scenery of the Beisi Pagoda |
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Term
| Shugakuin Imperial Villa Garden |
|
Definition
- Kyoto, Japan
- Stroll Garden with borrowed scenery |
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Term
| Katsura Imperial Villa Garden |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
- Kyoto, Japan
- borrowed scenery
- designed by Ogawa Jihei
- Possible English influence.
- Stream, Tea House, Villa
- A naturalistic pond garden of the Meiji era |
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Term
| Dry gardens at Ryoan-ji and Tofuku-ji, Kyoto |
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Definition
- Ryoan-ji, Kyoto, Japan
- Muramachi Period
- dry landscape garden
- 15 rocks arranged in an empty expanse of raked sand
- Focus on empty space and the interplay of right angles with natural forms
- Symbolic of a mountain-waterscape
- “Tiger cubs crossing the sea”
- "islands"
- Horizontal composition stimulates meditation |
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Term
|
Definition
- Tivoli, Italy
- By Pirro Ligorio
- High Renaissance with parts Mannerism
- Assymetry
- Cross-axis and Mannerist waterworks:
- Nature/Art Duality
- The Walk/Alley of the 100 Fountains
- Fountain of Tivoli (Oval Fountain)
- Mazes |
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Term
|
Definition
- Bagnaia, Italy
- “The inwardly focused, self contained paradise garden, -- > expansive, outwardly directed,
more worldly garden.” (Like Lante) |
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Term
| Renaissance: Nature and allegory, vs. reason and geometry |
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Definition
In Villa Lante, Various fountains and Water features used as an allegory of nature”
Renaissance also cares a lot about perfection and stuff, geometry or whatever |
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Term
| Evolution from Early Renaissance, High Renaissance, to Mannerist gardens |
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Definition
Early Renaissance
- Site divided into squares
- no respect for surrounding or terrain
- squares have themes:
- Orchard, vineyard, veg garden,
decorative garden
- Sculpture, pond, fountain in the
center of squares.
- Squares edged by hedge, pergola.
- Large gardens divided by avenues.
- Avenues don't connect with the
surroundings
High Renaissance
- More moving water and pond ornament
- Use of balustrades, terraces.
- More connection between garden and building
- clearer central axis on house like Villa d’Este & Villa Lante. (Becomes in
the Baroque a main element)
- harmony, balance, with perfect
proportion.
Mannerist
- exaggerated ideals of Renaissance
- resulted in asymmetrical compositions,
instability and artificial effects. |
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Term
|
Definition
- spirit of a place
- unique atmosphere, identity, or essence that gives a location its distinct character
- designing spaces that reflect and enhance the natural features, cultural significance, and historical context of a site |
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Term
|
Definition
- Greece
- genius loci
- synthesis of site and sanctuary
- Sacred
- integrate the natural hillside with structures
- Symmetrical layout with open spaces
- connection: nature and the divine |
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Term
|
Definition
- Athens, Greece
- Open-air spaces and gardens for intellectual gatherings
- Use of surroundings good for thought and dialogue.
- Layout reflects harmony with nature
- Aligned with Greek ideals of balance and order
- peristyle |
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Term
|
Definition
- Tivoli, Italy
- NOT Renaissance |
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Term
|
Definition
- High Renaissance art:
- emphasize proportion, balance, and
ideal beauty
- Mannerism exaggerates them:
often result in asymmetrical or
unnaturally elegant designs |
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Term
|
Definition
- Landscape Architect
- Baroque period
- formal French garden style
- Versailles
- Vaux-le-Vicomte garden
- Tuileries Gardens
- symmetry, axial layouts, grandeur
- aligned with baroque ideals |
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Term
| Gardens of Vaux-le-Vicomte |
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Definition
- France
- André Le Nôtre
- new type of axial arrangement
- not tunnel-like, more open
- “Illusion of a large paradise garden,
framed by a hedge, set in a forest
- Tie into French Baroque illusion concept
- Perspective Illusion: terraces appear to be square
- The canal is invisible from the house
- grotto appears closer than it is.
- Symmetry, Oderly, controlled.
- Geometry --> reason
- Castle-side ---> Reason
- Hercules side ---> Mythological |
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Term
|
Definition
- France
- grand palace and garden
- symbolize Louis XIV’s absolute power and control
- André Le Nôtre
- “Absolutism by design”
- Apollo Fountain |
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Term
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Definition
1 guy has all the power
important symbolism for french baroque landscape layouts |
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Term
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Definition
- ‘the landscape garden’
- Brownian’ style
- Example: Castle Howard |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Neoclassical, British 18th and 19th-century gardens : Genius loci |
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Definition
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Term
| The “white landscape” and the “Black landscape” |
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Definition
| The planters landscape - ‘the White Landscape’ |
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Term
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Definition
Functions as a village:
- Governmental center - white master governs over residents and the enslaved.
- Commercial center - goods gathered, shipped
- Educational center - white children educated on site
- Social center - house and grounds host balls, parties, … |
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Term
| British overseas exploration and plant collecting |
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Definition
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Term
| Monticello, Charlottesville, VA |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
- urban green spaces are ventilation for city
- combat urban heat island effect
- sanctuaries for wildlife
- reduce noise pollution
- mental and physical health
- Central Park, New York City
- Singapore’s Gardens by the Bay
- The High Line, New York City |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| National Mall, Washington, DC |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Emerald Necklace, Boston, MA |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
- book by Ji Cheng
- Ming dynasty
- how to make creating harmonious and
aesthetically pleasing gardens
- use natural elements:
- water, rocks, plants
- balance, tranquility, and beauty
- Daoism/ Confucianism.
- Situation: choice of site
- Selection of rocks/stones
- Borrowed scenery |
|
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Term
| Ancient/classical Socio-political Themes |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Renaissance Socio-political Themes |
|
Definition
Early Renaissance (1300-1480)
High Renaissance (1480-1520)
Mannerism (1520-1580)
Baroque (1580-1750)
[STUB] |
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Term
| East Asia Socio-political Themes |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Mughal and Islamic Socio-political Themes |
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Definition
|
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Term
| French Baroque Socio-political Themes |
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Definition
- Renaissance:
- landscape shows good governance
- Baroque:
- layout advertises power
- “Autocratic” / “Absolutism”
- One person holds the power
High Baroque:
- Estates show owner's status
- Use math & science
- sophisticated water use
- Central main building
- Surrounding landscape drawn into the estate |
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|
Term
Colonial America Socio-political Themes
Baroque --> |
|
Definition
- French Mannerism:
- Absolutism
- Power shift to aristocracy and parliament
- Can be seen in Informal designs of Neoclassical and Landscape Style
- Palladian style often used to illustrate power
1700s France: Authoritarian, Tamed, controlled
- Visitor is ‘controlled’ by layout
- Landscape "Garden”
Britain: more democratic, untamed, irregular,
- Visitor allowed to wander. More freedom
- Landscape "Park" |
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Term
| 18th and 19th-century Britain Socio-political Themes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contemporary Landscape Design Socio-political Themes |
|
Definition
- Gardens for living
- Environmentalism and sustainability
- Urban renewal
- Integrating indigenous landscapes and histories
- Recreational landscapes
[STUB] |
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Term
| Types of Roman Villa Gardens |
|
Definition
Villa rustica
Villa urbana
Villa suburbana
Villa maritime |
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Term
|
Definition
- Canopus
- Elongated pool
- columns and replicas of Greek
sculptures
- evokes the Nile
- Peristyle Pool
- Temple of Venus
- Maritime Theater |
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|
Term
| Differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean landscape architecture |
|
Definition
- China
- Great Formal Gardens
- (artificial landscapes, rocks)
- Korea
- 'Nature Gardens'
- 1000s of private gardens, built by
owners
- Japan
- Miniature gardens
- (nature scenery, idealized
landscapes) |
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Term
| The Mughal Dynasty Progression of Emperors |
|
Definition
1500s
- Babur
- Humayun
- Akbar
1600s
- Jahangir
- Shah Jahan
- Aurangzeb |
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Term
|
Definition
- Four-Part Garden Layout
- symbol if 4 rivers of paradise:
- water, milk, honey, and wine. |
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Term
|
Definition
- avenues
- canals
- parterres
- green structures formed by hedging
- focal points within gardens: (e.g. fountains)
- axially coordinated steps, water features and statues, as pioneered by Bramante
- integration with the surrounding landscape |
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Term
|
Definition
- a flat space with by an ornamental
arrangement of flower beds.
- popular element in Baroque designs |
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Term
|
Definition
- Roman
- open courtyard or garden surrounded by a colonnade of columns |
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Term
|
Definition
- Roman
- central, open-roofed space in a house
- main reception area |
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Term
|
Definition
- wooded area
- holy
- dedicated to deity
- worship make offerings. |
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Term
|
Definition
- Japan:
- Irregular landscape of mountains, coasts; rice fields, water important
- Europe: Typical formal, symmetrical, geometrical (Versailles, the King
showed power in the landscape, intend to impose order on chaotic world, and people |
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Term
| Stylistic Evolution after Baroque --> Neo-classical and Landscape style |
|
Definition
Forest Style:
- rural retreats “rural/extensive gardening”
- useful but beautiful
Augustan Style:
- Recalling Classical Landscapes
- place for reflection
Serpentine Style & Classical landscapes:
- a naturalness in the style.
Picturesque style:
- Landscape painting
- stimulating
- rougher terrain |
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Term
| Key English figures and their styles |
|
Definition
William Kent:
- Naturalistic Landscape Design
Lancelot "Capability" Brown:
- Naturalistic, Picturesque Landscape Design
Humphrey Repton:
- Picturesque and Informal Landscape Design |
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Term
|
Definition
- Baroque avenues + radial geometry
- Bramham Park, Yorkshire |
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