"Low" and "Row"

Swapping of the first syllable.

1.      Rules that specify the acceptable sequences of sounds in a language (e.g., ‘skw’ is permissible in English but not ‘zn’) are called what?

Phonotactic Rules

1.      Do two-year-olds have phonemic awareness?

Yes

1.      Is the word ‘teacher’ an example of a grammatical morpheme or a derivational morpheme?

Derivational morpheme

Differentiate between free and bound morphemes.

Free Morpheme – Grammatical Morphemes that can stand alone; they include not only words with clear semantic referents (e.g., dream, dog) but also words that serve primarily grammatical purposes (e.g., his, the)

Bound Morpheme – Grammatical morphemes that cannot be freestanding; they must be attached to other morphemes: prefixes and suffixes.

1.      Children with specific language impairment (SLI) have particular trouble with which aspect of language?

Produce shorter sentences and have difficulty with verbs, also syntactic development.

   How is mean length of utterance (MLU) calculated?

A. Count the morphemes in each countable utterance.

B. Sum the talleys of each utterance

C. Divide by the number of countable utterances.

Identify two major groups of interrogative sentences

Wh- questions

Yes-No questions

      Why does MLU become less useful as a child grows and begins producing more complex syntactic structures?

Because of the volume of morphemes produced. The older a child gets the more morphemes he/she produces which then becomes difficult to calculate.

a.      { It becomes no longer useful because after a certain age cause the morphological structure is too complex and mature so you look at syntactical complexity with type-token ratio. }

Are there major differences between genders in syntactic development?

No there are very few differences

 What is the current term for what used to be called “motherese?”

Child Directed Speech

1.      Differentiate between developmental language disorders and acquired language disorders.

Developmental Language Disorders – are present at birth theses disorders only affect language and no other aspect of development

Acquired Language Disorders – occurs when there is a result of injury or illness that damages the language centers of the brain

  Differentiate between the receptive and the expressive lexicon.

a.       Receptive lexicon – what you understand, don’t have to talk (Reception lexicon is the volume of words that one understands)

b.      Expressive lexicon– all the words you use (Expressive lexicon is the volume of words that one uses)

1.      Are there gender differences in vocabulary size in early language development?

Early in language acquisition girls tend to have larger vocabularies and learn words more easily compared to boys

     Does poverty have an effect on children’s vocabulary growth?

Low socioeconomic status (SES) households:

            Parents’ emotional resources– compromises the quality and        frequency of parents’ conversational interactions with their children

Identify some basic communication functions (purposes of communication).

To reflect mental states, beliefs, desires, and feelings

Instrumental = used to ask for something

Regulatory = Used to give directions and to direct others

Interactional = Used to interact and converse with others in a social way

Personal = used to express a state of mind or feelings about something

Heuristic = Used to find out information and to inquire

Imaginative = used to tell stories and to role-play

Informative = used to provide an organized description of an event or object

Differentiate between illocutionary force and perlocutionary effect.

Illocutionary force – speakers intent

Perlocutionary effect – effect on listener

Sometimes the intent is different than the effect.

Why is intentionality critical to language development?

Intentionality hypothesis: children’s development of form and content is fostered, in part, by their experiences with others as they use language to engage with others (Bloom & Tinker, 2001)

Allows a child to convey his or her mental state to other ppl and use language as a social interactional tool.

a.       It is critical because it is hypothesized that development of form and content is fostered by experiences with others as you use language to engage with others

What are the components of a conversational schema?

Conversational schema:

-initiation and establishment of a topic

-a series of contingent turns that maintain the topic

-resolution and closure

Why is joint attention critical to language development?

Joint attention: instances in which infants and caregivers focus attention on a mutual object; the infant must coordinate his or her attention between the social partner and the object of interest.

This provides a child with early schematic representations of conversational organization, turn taking.

      What does the term ‘register’ mean in communication?

Register - stylistic variations in language that occur in different situational contexts. Talking to your best friend would be different than your college professor

Identify a term that is a synonym of ‘register.’

styles

      How might temperament affect language use?

Temperament is the way in which an individual approaches a situation, particularly one that is unfamiliar.

Some are uninhibited/bold while other can be inhibited/shy

-Inhibited children - tend to talk less and smile less during communication than uninhibited children.

-uninhibited children tend to engage in conversation more with others, giving them more opportunities to practice and refine conversational abilities. 

What is the vocabulary spurt?

Aka word spurt. Begins at the end of the 2nd year and continues for several years. It’s a transition from slow stage of development to a rapid stage of development. (with inflection points differentiating the stages)  

.      What is fast mapping?

Fast mapping: when you hear a word for the first time it is the hypothesis of what you think that word means