Term
| Increase: Renal failure [fatigue, weakness, muscle cramps, skin pallor and edema] Gastrointestinal bleeding [hematemesis, melena or bright red blood in stool] Severe burns Starvation |
|
Definition
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) (8-18 mg/dL) |
|
|
Term
| Decrease: Hepatic failure Pregnancy Nephrotic syndrome |
|
Definition
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) (8-18 mg/dL) |
|
|
Term
| Increase: Osteolytic bone tumors Sarcoidosis Hyperparathyroidism Multiple myeloma Immobilization Hyperthyroidism Excess vitamin D Milk alkali syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decrease: Osteomalacia and rickets Renal failure [fatigue, weakness, muscle cramps, skin pallor and edema] Hypoparathyroidism [numbness and tingling in the extremities, muscle cramps and a positive Chvostek’s sign] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase: Renal failure Renal tubular acidosis Salicylate poisoning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decrease: Persistent vomiting Diabetic ketoacidosis Adrenal insufficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Increase:
Renal failure [fatigue, weakness, muscle cramps, skin pallor and edema] Glomerulonephritis Acromegaly and gigantism Muscle damage |
|
Definition
| Creatinine (0.6-1.2 mg/dL) |
|
|
Term
| Decrease: Pregnancy Debilitation |
|
Definition
| Creatinine (0.6-1.2 mg/dL) |
|
|
Term
| Increase: Addison’s disease Alkalosis Increased dietary intake Use of aldosterone-inhibiting diuretics Vomiting and diarrhea Hemolysis of RBCs in the test tube |
|
Definition
| Potassium (3.5-5.0 mEq/L) |
|
|
Term
| Decrease: Decreased dietary intake Renal tubular acidosis Cushing’s disease Conn’s disease Use of thiazide diuretics |
|
Definition
| Potassium (3.5-5.0 mEq/L) |
|
|
Term
| Increase: Increased dietary intake of sodium Renal failure Cushing’s disease Conn’s disease Diabetes insipidus Excessive sweating Burns with loss of extracellular fluid Dehydration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decrease: Decreased dietary intake Diarrhea Addison’s disease Water intoxication causing overhydration Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion Congestive Heart Failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Increased:
Shock Dehydration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased: Chronic liver disease Malnutrition Nephrotic syndrome Chronic granulomatous infections such as Tuberculosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase: Infection Leukemia Multiple myeloma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decrease: Severe liver dysfunction Malnutrition Renal disease Hypogammaglobulinemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multiple myeloma Nephrotic syndrome Cirrhosis |
|
Definition
Albumin/Globulin Ratio (A/G Ratio) (1.0-2.2)
The normal albumin/globulin is approximately 2:1. This normal ratio may be reversed in several chronic conditions |
|
|
Term
| Increase: Growing bone in children Osteoblastic bone malignancy Paget’s disease of bone Rickets Osteomalacia Hyperparathyroidism Hepatic disease Hyperthyroidism Healing fractures |
|
Definition
| Alkaline Phosphatase (30-120 IU/L) (child = 20-40 IU/L) |
|
|
Term
| Decrease: Excess vitamin D intake Malnutrition Hypothyroidism Celiac disease |
|
Definition
| Alkaline Phosphatase (30-120 IU/L) (child = 20-40 IU/L) |
|
|
Term
| Biliary obstruction-stone in the common bile duct or carcinoma of the head of the pancreas Drug-induced cholestasis Liver cancer |
|
Definition
| Increase (direct or conjugated bilirubin): |
|
|
Term
| Hemolytic anemia Hepatitis |
|
Definition
| Increase (indirect or indirect bilirubin): |
|
|
Term
| yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera that appears when the level of bilirubin exceeds 2.5-3 mg/dl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase: Alcoholic liver disease and cirrhosis Myocardial infarction Pancreatitis |
|
Definition
| Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) (0-30 U/L) |
|
|
Term
| Increase: Diabetes mellitus Cushing’s disease Acromegaly Drugs-thiazide diuretics and corticosteroids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decrease: Anti-diabetic medication-insulin overdose Hepatic failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase: Hepatic disease Myocardial infarction Brain damage Skeletal muscle injury |
|
Definition
| Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT/AST) (0-35 U/L) |
|
|
Term
Increase: Autoimmune hepatitis
B hepatitis Cirrhosis Drugs Ethanol Fatty liver Growths in the liver [tumors] Heart failure Infectious mononucleosis Pancreatitis Stones in the common bile duct Trauma to skeletal muscle Myocardial infarction Shock |
|
Definition
| Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT/ALT) (0-40 U/L) |
|
|
Term
| Decrease: Malnutrition Chronic alcoholic liver disease |
|
Definition
| Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT/ALT) (0-40 U/L) |
|
|
Term
| Increase: Multiple myeloma Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia Inflammatory bowel disease Sarcoidosis |
|
Definition
| Total Serum Protein (6.0-8.0 g/dL) |
|
|
Term
| Decrease: Malnutrition Cirrhosis Hodgkin’s lymphoma Leukemia Nephrotic syndrome |
|
Definition
| Total Serum Protein (6.0-8.0 g/dL) |
|
|
