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LAST TEST
Biology
110
Biology
Not Applicable
04/13/2008

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What kind of blood is in the right atrium?
Definition
Deoxygenated
Term
What are the different parts of the digestive tract where digestion occurs?  
Definition
Liver, Pancreas, Lining of intestine.
Term
What are the four stages of food processing?
Definition
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion
Term
Where does absorption occur?  
Definition
Small intestine
Term
What gets absorbed in the small intestine?
Definition
Building blocks, water, vitamins and minerals in the blood stream. Look up more on this
Term
What's the order of things in the small intestine?
Definition
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Term
order of things in the large intestine?
Definition
ceacum, colon, rectum.
Term
what does the liver do?  
Definition
Produces bile
Term
what does the gall bladder do?
Definition
stores bile
Term
what does the pancreas do?
Definition
secretes enzyme solution to neutralize acid in the chyme, which in turn shuts off pepsin digestine, so your small intestine doesn't get eaten.
Term
what are villi?
Definition
finger folds on small intestine
Term
Where does protein digestion take place?
Definition
in the stomach
Term
What is the pulmonary circulatory system for?  
Definition
Gas exchange with the lungs. Low Pressure. Right side.
Term
What type of blood is carried by pulmonary arteries?
Definition
deoxygenated
Term
What is the systemic circulatory system for?
Definition
provides nutrients for the body. Brings oxygen, gets rid of CO2
Term
What is the function of capillaries?
Definition
beds that connect arteries and veins. Thin, so materials can easily be exchanged.
Term
Where is the pyloric sphincter?
Definition
between stomach and duodenum
Term
 What/where is precipillary sphincter?
Definition
adjusts blood flow in each capillary
Term
Where are the semilunar valves?
Definition
ventricles
Term
tricuspid, bicuspid? Where?
Definition
Term
What is atherosclerosis?
Definition
build up of fatty plaque in arteries. Reduces amount of blood getting to body.
Term
How does atherosclerosis contribute to myocardial infarctions?
Definition
Plaque clogs arteries which causes blood clots to form, which in turn creates PLUGS in the arteries.
Term
What causes a stroke?
Definition
blood can't get to the head. Due to either a blockage or rupture in an artery.
Term
Why is blood pressure only measured in arteries?
Definition
this is the only place pressure exists
Term
How does blood pressure return through veins?
Definition
pumping muscles
Term
What is systolic pressure?
Definition
high pressure, contracts. 110
Term
what is diastolic pressure?
Definition
Low. Relaxes. 70
Term
Name, structure and function of all parts of respiratory system
Definition
Term
Why are there cartilage rings in most tubes?
Definition
To keep tubes from collapsing
Term
What is the pharynx?
Definition
area shared by esophagus and trachea
Term
What is negative pressure?
Definition
space between lungs and diaphragm increases. causing inhalation
Term
What does a drop in negative pressure indicate?
Definition
we need to take a breath
Term
How and where is oxygen picked up by blood?
Definition
Each molecule of hemoglobin can get 4 oxygen molecules. Hemoglobin releases oxygen to tissues that need it. pH sensitive
Term
Where is CO2 picked up by blood?
Definition
diffuses out of tissues into our blood.
Term
How many different ways is CO2 transported, and what are they?
Definition
disolves in liquid plasma, binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, but MOST enters red blood cells
Term
What happens once majority of red blood cells have CO2 enter them?
Definition
reaction which donates hydrogen ions (acid) and HCO. Hemoglobin combines with these to keep our blood from being too acidic.
Term
How does hemoglobin know to release oxyen to tissues that need it?
Definition
pH sensitive
Term
Why does fetal hemoglobin need to be different than adult hemoglobin?
Definition
embryo is in a low oxygen area
Term
Where does fetal hemoglibin dump off its load of CO2, and pick up oxygen? LOOK UP MORE
Definition
Term
What is the definition of a hormone?
Definition
a chemical made by glands in the body.
Term
What are the two classes of hormones?
Definition
steroids and non-steroids
Term
Talk about a steroid
Definition
hydrophobic. Diffuses into all cells. Binds to receptors inside the cell nucleus.
Term
Talk about a non-steroid
Definition
hydrophillic, binds to receptors inside the membrane. Water soluble.
Term
What are the 3 types of water soluble hormones?
Definition
amines, peptides and proteins
Term
How do steroid hormones affect the physiology of target cells?
Definition
turn genes on or off
Term
How do non-steroid hormones affect the physiology of target cells?
Definition
turn gene promoters/enhancers on or off, open and close membrane channels
Term
What is the role of the posterior pituitary?
Definition
Stores and secretes two hormones made in the hypothalamus.
Term
What are the two hormones stored in the posterior pituitary?
Definition
oxytocin-uterine contractions and ADH
Term
What type of hormones regulate the production of each of the anterior pituitary hormones?
Definition
releasing hormones of hypothalamus
Term
what produces the hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
How do the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary regulate other endocrine glands?
Definition
Hypothalamus releases TRH which tells anterior pituitary to release TSH, which stimulates the thyroid, which produces thyroxin...LOOK UP MORE.
Term
What endocrine gland responds to the stimulus of elevated levels of calcium ions?
Definition
thyroid
Term
what hormone is released by the thyroid to lower calcium ions?
Definition
calcitonin
Term
what are the target organs of calcitonin, and what affects does it have on them?
Definition
bones, kidneys and intestines.
Term
What endocrine gland responds to the stimulus of falling leels of calcium ions?
Definition
parathyroid
Term
What hormone is released by the parathyroid to raise calcium ions in the blood?
Definition
PTH
Term
What does PTH do?
Definition
bones, increases uptake in kidneys and intestines. Raises calcium ion level. a LITTLE more on this.
Term
what is the name of the cells of the pancreas that are endocrine in nature?
Definition
islets
Term
what exocine function is the pancreas involved in?
Definition
digestive tract. Stuff goes through it even though it's still outside the body.
Term
What do alpha cells produce?
Definition
glucagons, raise glucose
Term
What do beta cells produce?
Definition
insulin, lowers glucose
Term
How do antagonistic hormones produced by alpha and beta cells affect our bodies?
Definition
To maintain homeostasis. increased blood glucose levels stimulate beta cells, so they produce insulin. Dropping glucose stimulates alpha cells, so they produce glucagons.
Term
What happens when blood glucose is too high?
Definition
Diabetes
Term
What happens when blood glucose is too low?
Definition
hypoglycemia
Term
What is the normal concentration of glucose in the blood?
Definition
90-100
Term
two types of diabetes
Definition

1. insulin dependent. autoimmune. Body attacks beta cells

2. most. cells don't respond to insulin, or there are low levels, or both. This means ATP can't be made.

Term
What hormone regulates kidney function?
Definition
ADH
Term
What endocrine gland produces ADH?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
When would there be a too high concentration of ADH?
Definition
dehydrated
Term
when would there be a too low concentration of ADH?
Definition
alcohol
Term
Why does drinking alcohol tend to dehydrate you?
Definition
because it shuts down ADH production and release. Dillutes pee.
Term
What specific part of a testis produces androgens?
Definition
interstitial, leydus cells
Term
What specific part of a testis is responsible for spermatogenesis??
Definition
Semniferous tubule--LOOK UP more.
Term
What type of cell division is responsible for spermatogenesis?
Definition
meiosis II
Term
What is GnRH role in males?
Definition
From hypothalamus, talks to anterior pituitary about releasing hormones
Term
What is FSH role in males?
Definition
targets tubules. Keeps sperm production going. Anterior pituitary
Term
What does LH do in males?
Definition
Turns on interstitial cells. It's in anterior pituitary
Term
What do androgens do in males?
Definition
provide negative feedback to hypothalamus. in the testes
Term
What is the role of GnRH in females?
Definition
Targets anterior pituitary
Term
What is the role of FSH in females?
Definition
Targets ovaries and stimulates follicles. In the anterior pituitary
Term
What is the role of LH in females?
Definition
surges and causes follicle to rupture. In anterior pituitary
Term
What is the role of estrogen?
Definition
high levels turn hypothalamus on full best. Creates positive feedback loop, causing a SURGE of GnRH then too much LH then ovulation. Occurs in ovary.
Term
What is the role of progesterone?
Definition
shuts down hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Negative feedback loop. Ovary
Term
What causes endometrial lining to thicken?
Definition
estrogen
Term
What is the function of the corpus luteum
Definition
Produces lots of progesterone.
Term
What happens when corpus luteum dies?
Definition
estrogen and progesterone aren't being produced anymore, so system shuts off. lining sloughed off
Term
What hormone maintains corpus luteum?
Definition
HCG
Term
What produces HCG?
Definition
the placenta
Term
what is done in the liver?
Definition
bile production and conversion of amino acids to urea
Term
What are the four functions of the excretory system?
Definition
filtration of blood, reaborption-active transport sugars and salts, osmosis- secretion-drugs toxins actively transport here- excretion-urination.
Term
what side of the heart is pulmonary artery in?
Definition
right side.
Term
what side of the heart are pulmonary veins in? coming from where?
Definition
left side, coming from lungs.
Term
Where is fetal blood oxygenated?
Definition
placenta
Term
What is the ductus arteriosus?
Definition
vlood diverted out of pulmonary artery and into the aorta through this.
Term
What and where is adrenal hormone?
Definition
head of kidney. fight or flight
Term
Where is the temporary opening in a fetal heart?
Definition
between the left and right atria. called Foramen ovule
Term
what does the pulmonary artery do?
Definition
brings blood out of right ventricle of heart.
Term
what does pulmonary vein do?
Definition
takes blood to the left atrium
Term
Where does fetal hemoglobin drop off co2 and pick up oxygen?
Definition
placenta
Term
what type of blood is in the inferior vena cava with a fetus
Definition
mixed, oxygenated
Term
what type of blood is in the umbilical vein of fetus?
Definition
oxygenated
Term
fetus umbillical arteries?
Definition
mixed
Term
what does ductus arteriosis do?
Definition
connects pulmonary trunk to aortic arch
Term
what is it reabsorbed by?
Definition
capillary beds
Term
what is reabsorbed?
Definition
sugars, salts and water-osmosis
Term
what structure are drugs and toxins secreted from and absorbed by?
Definition
secreted from blood, absorbed by exxcretory tubule
Term
what are the names of the two major portions of the kidney?
Definition

cortex and medulla

 

cortex is where blood is filtered, medulla is where salt and water are controlled 

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