Term
51. All of the following may be found in the submucosa of the GI tract except:
Lymphatic nodules
Glands
Blood vessels
Enterocytes
Peyer's patches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Simple columnar epithelium is typical of which portion of the digestive tract?
Esophagus
Oral cavity
Rumen
Anus
Duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What structure attaches a tooth to the alveolus
Crown
Gingiva
Dentin
Periodontal ligament
Pulp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hypsodont teeth would be expected in all of the following species except?
Horses
Cattle
Rodents
Cats
Rabbits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Parietal cells are mostly found where?
Rumen
Esohpagus
Pylorus
Fundus
Duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
he typical epithelium of the ruminant forestomach is:
Pseudostratified columnar
Simple columnar
Transitional epithelium
Keratinized stratified squamous
Simple squamous |
|
Definition
| keratinized stratified sqamous |
|
|
Term
The primary site of oral drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is:
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Cecum
Rectum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of lacteals in the small intestine?
Lipid absorption
Protein absorption
Mucous production
Antibody production
Water absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which portion of the avian digestive tract is the glandular stomach?
Crop
Proventriculus
Ventriculus
Ceca
Cloacal bursa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What statement about the tongue is incorrect?
It is composed of intertwined skeletal muscle core
It is covered by stratified squamous epithelium
It is covered by both mechanical and gustatory papilla
Taste buds have a taste pore to allow entrance of chemical taste molecules
Taste buds are located on the upper (dorsal) aspect of gustatory papilla |
|
Definition
| Taste buds are located on the upper (dorsal) aspect of gustagtory papilla |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is incorrect?
Enzymes are stored in an inactive form
It empties into the duodenum
Its products are associated with chemical digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and minerals
Pancreatitis is understood to be associated with early activation of enzymes and autodigestion
Acini are lined by pyramidal/cuboidal cells |
|
Definition
| its products are associated w/ chemical digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and minerals |
|
|
Term
Which statement regarding blood flow in the liver is incorrect?
Hepatic sinusoids are lined by fenestrated epithelium
The liver receives the majority of venous blood flow from the gastrointestinal tract
Hepatocytes near the portal triad are most likely to be damaged under hypoxic conditions
Blood in the sinusoids is a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
The liver is one of the few places in the body where blood flows from a vein into a capillary and back into a vein. |
|
Definition
| Hepatocytes near the portal triad are most likely to be damaged under hypoxic conditions |
|
|
Term
What is the primary physiological function of bile salts?
A byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown
Enhance lipid absorption in the gastrointestinal tract by lipid emulsion
Assists in chemical digestion of proteins
Promotes immune functions of the intestinal epithelium
Stimulates acid production in the stomach – parietal cells in the fundus |
|
Definition
| Enhance lipid absorption in teh GI tract by lipid emulsion |
|
|
Term
64. Which statement regarding the production and release of bile by the liver is incorrect?
Bile is produced by hepatocytes
Released into canuliculi which connect to the bile ducts
Bile flow is towards the central vein of hepatic lobules
Bile is a combination of multiple components including bilirubin and bile salts
Bile may be collected into the gall bladder before release (in those species with a gall bladder) |
|
Definition
| Bile flow in towards the central vein of hepatic lobules |
|
|
Term
Which of the following states regarding jaundice (or icterus) is correct?
It is associated with increased plasma bilirubin and can be caused by gall bladder occlusion
It is associated with decreased bilirubin and can be a byproduct of aplastic anemia
It is associated with increased serum cholesterol and can be due to increased RBC destruction
It is associated with increased plasma bilirubin and is caused by increased plasma ammonia
It is associated with decreased plasma bilirubin and can be correlated with acholic feces (feces lacking bilirubin) |
|
Definition
| It is associated w/ increased plasma bilirubin and can be caused by gall bladder occlusion |
|
|
Term
All of the following are known liver functions except:
Detoxification
Secretion
Conjugation
Direct nutrient absorption
Phagocytosis |
|
Definition
| direct nutrien absoprtion |
|
|
Term
All of the following are actions of hormones produced in the adenohypophysis except:
Increase release of cortisol
Stimulate release of thyroxin
Promote smooth muscle contraction
Promote systemic growth and development
Promote milk production in the mammary gland |
|
Definition
| promote smooth muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements regarding the neurohypophysis is correct?
Acidophils are the most common cell type present
Activation of neurons in the hypothalamus causes release of factors which in turn activate the neurohypophysis
Appropriate neural stimuli of hypothalamic neurons causes release of hormones directly into the vasculature of the neurohypophysis
Embryologically, the neurohypophysis is derived from the roof of the oral cavity
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) is one of the hormones produced in the neurohypophysis |
|
Definition
| Appropriate neural stimuli of hypothalamic neurons causes release of hormones directly into the vasculature of the neurohypophysis |
|
|
Term
. What is the primary function of calcitonin? – into the bone; parathyroid horomone increases serum calcium because breaking bone down
Sexual development
Decrease serum calcium
Increase serum glucose
Increase basal metabolic rate
Decrease fluid loss in kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is produced by parietal cells in the gastrointestinal tract?
Amylase
Mucous
Pepsinogen
stoamach and break down proteins
Acid
Enterokinase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What would be an expected clinical sign associated with hyperthyroidism?
Weight gain
Decreased urinary output
Increased heart rate
Hypoglycemia
Hypercalcemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the correct combination of tissue layer, hormone, and function for the adrenal gland?
Zona reticularis, cortisol, increased carbohydrate metabolism
Zona fasciculata, cortisol, sexual development
Zona glomerulosa, aldosterone, decreased carbohydrate metabolism
Zona glomerulosa, aldosterone, electrolyte and fluid balance in kidneys
Zona fasacilulata, estrogen, secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
| Zona glomerulosa, aldosterone, electrolyte and fluid balance in kidneys |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the adrenal medulla?
Chromaffin cells release cortisol under neural control, causing a systemic parasympathetic response
Chromaffin cells release epinephrine under neural control causing a systemic parasympathetic response
Ganglionic cells release epinephrine under hormonal control causing a systemic sympathetic response.
Chromaffin cells release epinephrine under neural control, causing a systemic sympathetic response
Ganglionic cells release cortisol under hormonal control, causing a systemic parasympathetic response |
|
Definition
| Chromaffin cells release epinephrine under neural control, causing a systemic sympathetic response |
|
|
Term
What cells in the pancreas produce insulin?
Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
Acinar cells
Ductal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the two cell populations found within the seminiferous tubules?
Leydig cells and Sertoli cells
Spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells
Leydig and spermatogenic cells
Sertoli cells and interstitial cells
Spermatogenic cells and myofibroblasts |
|
Definition
| spermatogenic cells and sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
What function do Leydig cells fulfill? Are interstitial cells
Directly support developing sperm cells
Produce testosterone
Provide a blood-testis barrier
Directly promote spermiation
Produce antimesonephric hormone during fetal development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What function does the acrosome play for sperm?
Produce energy for motility
Assist in a sperm fertilizing an egg
Produce forward motility
Holds genetic material
Contains centriole and paired microtubule fibers |
|
Definition
| assist in a sperm fertilization of an egg |
|
|
Term
Where in the male reproductive tract does final sperm maturation occur?
Seminiferous tubules
Urethra
Rete testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the pampiniform plexus (PPP) and what is its function?
The PPP is the intertwined arterial and venous components of the spermatic cord and helps cool arterial blood.
The PPP is a tissue capsule and separates each testis into hemispheres
The PPP is a tissue layer in the seminiferous tubules and is part of the blood-testis barrier
The PPP is a fetal connective tissue structure and promotes movement of the testes into the scrotum during fetal/post-natal development.
The PPP is part of the genital ducts and provides sperm with nutritive support during ejaculation |
|
Definition
| The PPP is the intertwined arterial and venous components of the spermatic cord and helps cool arterial blood. |
|
|
Term
What type of epithelium is found in the epididymis?
Transitional epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Simple cuboidal
Simple squamous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is one of the functions of secretions from the prostate gland?
Provide fructose as an energy
Activate sperm tail
Neutralize and clear penile urethra
Stimulate sperm capacitation
Promote spermiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is cryptorchidism?
Immature development of spermatic cord
Abnormal sperm development and morphology
Increased testosterone production in the testes
Failure of a testis to move into the scrotum
Inccorect number of chromosomes in a spermatid |
|
Definition
| failure of a testis to move into the scrotum |
|
|
Term
What is follicular atresia?
The transition of a follicle to a corpus luteum after ovulation – when pregnant and produced progesterone
A thyroid follicle increasing production of thyroid related hormones
A regression of ovarian follicles before they ovulate
The formation of an atrum
The transition of a mammary gland from rest to lactation |
|
Definition
| a regression of ovarian follicles before they ovualate |
|
|
Term
What is the correct order of events in an ovary?
Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, tertiary follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans, ovulation
Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, tertiary follicle, corpus luteum, ovulation, corpus albicans
Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, corpus luteum, tertiary follicle, ovulation, corpus albicans
Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, tertiary follicle, ovulation, corpus luteum, corpus albicans
Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, ovulation, tertiary follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans |
|
Definition
| Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, tertiary follicle, ovulation, corpus luteum, corpus albicans |
|
|
Term
What is the primary hormone produced by the corpus luteum?
Estrogen
Prolactin
Leutenizing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Progesterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At ovulation what structure receives the oocyte and what type of epithelium is found there?
Ampulla with ciliated columnar epithelium
Isthmus with simple cuboidal epithelium
Infundibulum with ciliated columnar epithelium
Ampulla with stratified squamous epithelium
Isthmus with ciliated columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| infundibulum w/ cilliated columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
. In regards to placentation types, which statement is correct?
Epithelialchorial placentation is typical of carnivores and provides adequate passive immunity to the fetus without post-natal colostrum
Epithelialchorial placentation is typical of ruminants and provides poor passive immunity to the fetus without post-natal colostrum.
Endothelialchorial placentation is typical of equids and provides poor passive immunity to the fetus without post-natal colostrum
Hemochorial placentation is typical of swine and provides adequate passive immunity to the fetus without post-natal colostrum
Hemochorial placentation is typical of swine and provides poor passive immunity to the fetus without post-natal colostrum |
|
Definition
| Epithelialchorial placentation is typical of ruminants and provides poor passive immunity to the fetus without post-natal colostrum. |
|
|
Term
What portion of the female reproductive tract is the typical site of oocyte fertilization?
Vagina
Cervix
Uterine body
Uterine horn
Oviduct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What characteristics best describe the expected epithelium found in the vagina of a dog in estrus?
Simple squamous epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Ciliated columnar epithelium
Thin non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Thick keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| thick keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
Which portion of the avian female reproductive tract adds the shell?
Infindibulum
Magnum
Isthmus
Uterus
Vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What portion of the mammary gland is the secretory unit?
Alveoli
Lobule
Lobe
Gland
Sinus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What hormone will directly promote enhancement of the uterine glands and endometrium?
Relaxin –
Prolactin
oxytoicin
Progesterone
Leutenizing hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
93. What structure in the eye produces aqueous humor?
Ciliary muscle – attach and focus lens
Iridocorneal angle
Limbus
Ciliary process
Pupil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
94. Which of the following is not considered to be part of the vascular tunic?
Iris
Choroid
Tapetum lucidum
Sclera
Lens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
95. The layers of the cornea in the correct order from anterior to posterior in most domestic animals is:
Anterior epithelium, substantia propria, Descemet's membrane, Posterior epithelium
Anterior epithelium, capsule, substantia propria, Descemet's membrane, Posterior epithelium
Anterior epithelium, Descemet's membrane, substantia propria, Posterior epithelium
Anterior epithelium, limbus, Descemet's membrane, substantia propria, Posterior epithelium
Anterior epithelium, pupil, substantia propria, Descemet's membrane, Posterior epithelium |
|
Definition
| Anterior epithelium, substantia propria, Descemet's membrane, Posterior epithelium |
|
|
Term
all of the following statements regarding the cornea are true except:
It is part of the fibrous tunic of the eye
It must remain hydrated to maintain its transparency
It is a highly vascular tissue
It is a dense regular connective tissue
The junction between the cornea and sclera is the limbus |
|
Definition
| it is highly vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
What structures in the inner ear senses the position of the head?
Utricle
Cochlea
Semicircular canals
motion sick; in middle ear
Tectorial membrane
Stapes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The macula in the retina is:
The site where the optic nerve exits the rear of the eye
The entry/exit point for vascular support to the eye Area with a high density of photoreceptors (photoreceptors – cones) The remnant of an embryonic artery |
|
Definition
| Area with a high density of photoreceptors (photoreceptors – cones) |
|
|
Term
What statement regarding the guttural pouch is incorrect?
It is found in equids
It is located in close anatomical proximity to the carotid artery in the neck
Its true function is currently unknown
It is an outpouching of the auditory (or Eustachian) tube which connects the outer ear canal with the nasopharynx
Damage to structures in the guttural pouch may be observed as a nosebleed (epistaxis) in horses |
|
Definition
| It is an outpouching of the auditory (or Eustachian) tube which connects the outer ear canal with the nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
100. Which statement regarding the auditory apparatus is incorrect?
The cells that sense sound are hair cells with stereocilia
Stereocilia are embedded in the tectorial membrane
Hearing occurs when stereocilia on hair cells in the semi-circular canals bend causing ion channels to open
Vibrations of the ossicles causes fluid waves in the membranous labyrinthof the inner ear to stimulate hair cells |
|
Definition
| Stereocilia are embedded in the tectorial membrane |
|
|
