Term
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Definition
- Transport of nutrients and waste products to an from tissue
- Regulates body temperature and pH
- Self-healing, forms clots in wounds
- Fights infections
- BAlood is composed of "formed elements" and plasma (liquid)
- Most people have 5-6 L of blood in their bodies
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Term
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Definition
- 45% cells & platelets
- 55% plasma:
- 91% water
- 7% proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)
- 2% other solutes (ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, hormones, vitamins)
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Term
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Definition
- Proportion by volume of red blood cells in blood
- Varies by oxygen requirements of individuals
- Atheletes often train at high altitudes with limited oxygen to lower hermatocrit
- High for people that require more oxygen, lower for people that don't
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Term
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Definition
- Plasma albumin is the most abundant plasma protein
- Maintains osmotic balance
- Acts as buffers, regulating pH
- Transports molecules, including bilirubin
- a and b globulins are carrier proteins that bind to hormones, fatty acids, and ions
- Fibrinogin & prothrombin inactive precursors to proteins that form clots
- Glucose and amino acids circulate in blood as nutrients to cells
- Antibodies also circulate in blood
- Members of general family of proteins called gamma globulins
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Term
| Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) |
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Definition
- Produced in red bone marrow
- Destroyed in liver adn spleen when too old
- Erythrocytes are turned over relatively quickly ~ 12o days
- Don't have nuclei (reason they're shaped the way they are, biconcave disks), therefore they can't reproduce
- About the same size the diameter of capillaires
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Term
| Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Hemoglobin |
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Definition
- Packed with Hemoglobin molecules
- Hemoglobin = the oxygen carrier molecule
- Most O2 carried in the body becomes attached to Hemoglovin, doesn't dissolve much in water
- Composition of hemoglobin
- An iron complexed in a "porphyrin ring" with a heme group (a molecule with protein) in the middle
- A tetramer
- Gives cells their red color
- Hemoglobin also carries some CO2 at low O2
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Term
| Nuber of RBC's in Circulation Depends on O2 Concentration in Blood |
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Definition
- There is a reduced O2-carrying ability of blood
- The kidney secretes erythropoitein
- Erytropoitein stimulates the red bone marrow to produce more RBCs
- There is an increased O2-carrying ability of blood
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Term
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Definition
- The decreased ability of the blood to carry O2
- Decreases the number RBC's
- Reduces the hemoglovin content of RBC's
- Prescence of abnormal hemoglovin in RBC's
- Leads to fatigue, shortness of breat, high heart rates
- Causes
- Excessive bleeding, tumors in bone marrow, malaria reduces RBC number
- Iron, Cu, B-12 deficience - causes reduced Hemoglobin production
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Term
| White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) |
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Definition
- White blood cells have a nucleus
- Produced in bone marrow like RBC's
- Myeoblasts, monoblasts, and lymphoblasts produce white blood cells
- Helps to prevent diseases
- Are mobile, leukocytes can squeeze through groups between endothelial cells in capillaries in case of infection
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Term
| White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Granular Leukocytes |
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Definition
- Have prominent granules
- Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils
- Names come from histology, science of using dyes to identify cells & cell functions
- Have strange-shaped nuclei
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Term
| Granular Leukocytes: Neutrophiils |
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Definition
- Most common
- First to respond (esp. to inflammation)
- Phagocytotic (ingest harmful bacteria)
- mult-lobed
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Term
| Granular Leukocytes: Eosinophils |
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Definition
- Mast cells
- Antigen antibody complexes
- Phagocytotic
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Term
| Granular Leukocytes: Basophils |
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Definition
- Least common
- Mast cell
- Stores histamine
- Inflammatory response
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Term
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Definition
- Agranular
- Large phagocytotic cells that consume worn out RBC's and microbes
- Can be found outside the bloodstream "lurking" in connective tissue
- Now called macrophages
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Term
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Definition
- Specialized for immunity
- Although in bloodstream, are mainly in lymphoid organs
- Not phagocytotic
- Types
- T-lymphocytes: cell mediated immunity
- B-lymphocytes
- humoral mediated immunity, secretes antibodies
- plasma cells derive fromethem and produce antibodies
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Term
| WBC-Related Disorders: Leukemia |
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Definition
- WBC's may become cancerous
- Divide uncontrollably
- WBC's crowd out stem cells that produce RBC's and plateletes
- Cancerous WBC's are not effective in fighting infection
- Acute leukemia - inherited childhood disease
- Treatment
- Irradiation will kill bone marrow stem cells to prevent production of more cancerous WBCs. Then will attempt to kill canceous cells. Bone marrow transplants are then necessary to restore function.
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Term
| WBC-Related Disorders: Infectious Mononucleosis, "Mono" |
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Definition
- Viral disease transmitted via saliva
- Infects lymphocytes
- Symptoms: Fatigue, aches, sore throats, low-grade fever
- Treatment: rest, lots of liquids
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Term
| Plateletes (Thrombocytes) |
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Definition
- Cell fragments
- Responsible in part for clotting
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Term
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Definition
- Capillaries are dmaged all the time because they are very thin (for diffusion) and get damaged sometimes when blood cells pass through
- Clotting prevents catastrophic loss of blood
- Blood vessel is punctured
- Platelets congregate at puncture site and form a plug
- Plateletes and damged tissue cells release the protrhombin activator thromboplastin which initiates a cascade of enzymatic reactions: prothrombin --> thrombin --> fibrinogen --> fibrin threads
- Fibrin threads form and trap red blood cells, forming abarrier
- Actin cytoskeleton in plateletes contract, tighting up clot in close wound
- An inactive precursor plasminogen is incorporated into the clot when it forms, causing it to dissolve after a while.
- Prothrombin & thrombin are produced in the liver
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Term
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Definition
- Thrombocytopenia
- A disorder in which the number of platelets is too low due to not enough being made in the bone marrow or the increased breakdown of plateletes outside the marrow.
- Leukemia may reduce platelet count
- Radiation kills bone marrow stem cells, preventing the production of megakaryocytes --> platelets
- Hemophilia
- A genetic defect that prevents the liver from producing prothrombin and thrombin, clotting factors
- Lack of clotting factors may also be due to liver damage from hepatitis, cancer, and alcholism
- Thrombo-Embolism
- Clots can break loose in the bloodstream and lodge in the blood vessels (thrombosis) serving the heart or the brain, causing heart attacks and strokes respectively
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Term
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Definition
- Red blood cells may have one of a numer of antigens on their surface
- Types of blood are defined by the type of glycoprotein on its surface: A, B, AB, or none (O)
- Type O blood is name given to bloo
- Rh Factor
- Another blood antigen is the Rh antigen located on RBC's
- 85% of people have this antigen and are called Rh+
- 15% of people do not and are called Rh-
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Term
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Definition
- Another blood antigen is the Rh antigen located on RBC's
- 85% of people have this antigen and are Rh+
- 15% of people do not have this antigen and are Rh-
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Term
| Transfusions (Blood Typing) |
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Definition
- Antigens are identified on the blood transfusion recepient and compared with antibodies found on the donor's blood.
- If the antibodies in the donor blood can recognize the antigen on the recepient's blood (i.e. type ! blood and anti-A antibodies) then the blood will agglutinate (clump) and cause rejection.
- Antigens bind to antibodies at it's variable region
- Testing in vitro allows blood typing
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Term
| Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) |
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Definition
- If a father is Rh+ and the mother Rh-, it is possible for an unborn child to be Rh+.
- If blood leaks across teh placenta from the fetus to the mother, Rh+ antigen int he child can caue the mother to produce anti-Rh+ antibodies.
- Anti-Rh+ antibodies produced by the mother cross back across the placent a in either this pregnancy. The antibodies destory the baby's red blood cells.
- RBC breakdown causes a rise in bilirubin in the child's blood stream, leading to mental retardation or death.
- Avoiding HDN
- Mother is given anti-RH+ antibody injections either midway in pregnancy or within 72 hr of giving birth to an Rh+ child. The idea is to destory any circulating fetal/newborn blood cells before they have a chance to cause the bother to develop her own antibodies.
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